The Batterer As Parent Bancroft, R. Lundy; Silverman, Jay G; Ritchie, Daniel
2011, 2012, 2011-09-14
eBook
Moving beyond the narrow clinical perspective this book offers a view that takes into account the complex ways in which a batterer′s abusive and controlling behaviors are woven into the fabric of ...daily life.
Human-induced climate change is occurring rapidly. Ectothermic organisms are particularly vulnerable to these temperature changes due to their reliance on environmental temperature. The extent of ...ectothermic thermal adaptation and plasticity in the literature is well documented; however, the role of oxidative stress in these processes needs more attention. Oxidative stress occurs when reactive oxygen species, generated mainly through aerobic respiration, overwhelm antioxidant defences and damage crucial biomolecules. The effects of oxidative damage include the alteration of life-history traits and reductions in whole-organism fitness. Here we review the literature addressing experimental temperature effects on oxidative stress in vertebrate ectotherms. Acute and acclimation temperature treatments produce distinctly different results and highlight the role of phylogeny and thermal adaptation in shaping oxidative stress responses. Acute treatments on organisms adapted to stable environments generally produced significant oxidative stress responses, whilst organisms adapted to variable conditions exhibited capacity to cope with temperature changes and mitigate oxidative stress. In acclimation treatments, the temperature treatments higher than optimal temperatures tended to produce significantly less oxidative stress than lower temperatures in reptiles, whilst in some eurythermal fish species, no oxidative stress response was observed. These results highlight the importance of phylogeny and adaptation to past environmental conditions for temperature-dependent oxidative stress responses. We conclude with recommendations on experimental procedures to investigate these phenomena with reference to thermal plasticity, adaptation and biogeographic variation that provide the most significant benefits to adaptable populations. These results have potential conservation ramifications as they may shed light on the physiological effects of temperature alterations in some vertebrate ectotherms.
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•We review thermal effects on oxidative stress (OS) in ectothermic vertebrates•Acute and acclimation temperature treatments produce distinctly different results•Acute treatments on organisms adapted to stable environments produced significant oxidative stress responses.•In acclimation treatments of reptiles, cooler treatments may be more likely to generate OS.•We highlight temperature dependant oxidative stress responses and the importance of phylogeny to this relationship.•We recommend considering thermal limits when designing experiments to test temperature effects on oxidative stress.
► MF, gasoline, ethanol and DMF were tested in a DISI engine. ► Regulated and unregulated (PM and aldehyde) emissions were studied. ► MF is similar to DMF and superior to gasoline in terms of ...indicated efficiency. ► Regulated emissions from MF are comparable to the other tested fuels. ► Aldehyde emissions from MF are much lower than gasoline and bio-ethanol.
Although 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) has been considered as a new bio-fuel candidate for spark ignition (SI) engines, since the discovery of improved methods of its production, 2-Methylfuran (MF) which is another main product of the process of dehydration and hydrogenolysis of fructose, has also been brought into the sight of fuel researchers. The energy density of MF is comparable to DMF and gasoline however very little is known about its combustion behaviors especially in automotive applications. This paper examines the results of a single cylinder spray guided direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engine fuelled with MF, compared to gasoline, ethanol and DMF. The regulated emissions (CO, NOx and HC) and particulate matter (PM) as well as the unregulated emissions (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) were measured and studied. The experiments were conducted at stoichiometric air–fuel ratio with the engine speed of 1500rpm and loads between 3.5 and 8.5bar IMEP using the fuel-specific optimum spark timings (MBT). The test results show that the knock suppression ability of MF is similar to DMF and superior to gasoline. Although MF has a similar chemical structure to DMF, its combustion characteristics are significantly different. Within the tested load range, MF consistently produces higher indicated thermal efficiency by some 3% compared to gasoline and DMF. This increase is attributed to the fast burning rate and notable better knock suppression ability. MF has resulted in approximately 30% lower volumetric indicated specific fuel consumption compared with ethanol. The overall regulated emissions from MF are comparable to the other tested fuels, whereas the aldehyde emission is much lower than gasoline and bio-ethanol.
For spark ignition (SI) engines, the optimum spark timing is crucial for maximum efficiency. However, as the spark timing is advanced, so the propensity to knock increases, thus compromising ...efficiency. One method to suppress knock is to use high octane fuel additives. However, the blend ratio of these additives cannot be varied on demand. Therefore, with the advent of aggressive downsizing, new knock mitigation techniques are required. Fortuitously, there are two well-known lower alcohols which exhibit attractive knock mitigation properties: ethanol and methanol. Both not only have high octane ratings, but also result in greater charge-cooling than with gasoline. In the current work, the authors have exploited these attractive properties with the dual-injection, or the dual-fuel concept (gasoline in PFI and fuel additive in DI) using pure ethanol and methanol. The single cylinder engine results at 1500 rpm (λ=1) show benefits to indicated efficiency and emissions (HC, CO and CO2) at almost every load (4.5 bar to 8.5 bar IMEP) compared to GDI. This is because the spark timing can be significantly advanced despite the use of relatively low blends (≤50%, by volume), which lowers the combustion duration and improves the conversion of fuel energy into useful work. Overall, these results reinforce the potential of the dual-injection concept to provide a platform for aggressive downsizing, whilst contributing to a renewable energy economy.
Ethanol has long been regarded as the optimal gasoline-alternative biofuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines. It is used widely in Latin and North America and is increasingly accepted as an attractive ...option across Europe. Nevertheless, its low energy density requires a high rate of manufacture; in areas which are deficient of arable land, such rates might prove problematic. Therefore, fuels with higher calorific values, such as butanol or 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) deserve consideration; a similar yield to ethanol, in theory, would require much less land. This report addresses the suitability of DMF, to meet the needs as a biofuel substitute for gasoline in SI engines, using ethanol as the biofuel benchmark. Specific attention is given to the sensitivity of DMF to various engine control parameters: combustion phasing (ignition timing), injection timing, relative air-fuel ratio and valve timing (intake and exhaust). Focus is given to the window for optimization; the parameter range which sustains optimal IMEP (within 2%) but provides the largest reduction of emissions (HC or NOx). The test results using a single cylinder SI research engine at 1500rpm show how DMF is less sensitive to key engine parameters, compared to gasoline. This allows a wider window for emissions optimization because the IMEP remains optimal across a greater parameter range.
Can AI provide useful holistic essay scoring? Tate, Tamara P.; Steiss, Jacob; Bailey, Drew ...
Computers and education. Artificial intelligence,
December 2024, 2024-12-00, 2024-12-01, Letnik:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Researchers have sought for decades to automate holistic essay scoring. Over the years, these programs have improved significantly. However, accuracy requires significant amounts of training on ...human-scored texts—reducing the expediency and usefulness of such programs for routine uses by teachers across the nation on non-standardized prompts. This study analyzes the output of multiple versions of ChatGPT scoring of secondary student essays from three extant corpora and compares it to quality human ratings. We find that the current iteration of ChatGPT scoring is not statistically significantly different from human scoring; substantial agreement with humans is achievable and may be sufficient for low-stakes, formative assessment purposes. However, as large language models evolve additional research will be needed to continue to assess their aptitude for this task as well as determine whether their proximity to human scoring can be improved through prompting or training.
•Humans and AI were substantially internally consistent (i.e., human-human, AI-AI scores).•Mean differences between human-human and AI-human scores were not statistically significant.•Weighted Kappas showed substantial agreement between human scorers, and moderate to fair agreement for the AI-human comparison.
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