Purpose
This paper aims to find in-depth information related the activities of “clean and healthy behavior” in household regulations, starting from assessment, planning, mobilization, implementation ...monitoring and assessment.
Design/methodology/approach
Data analysis was used for quantitative and qualitative approaches (mixing method). The qualitative approach was used to understand the individual phenomena in terms of finding, obtaining and describing the community behavior, which is related to health problems. The data obtained through the approach were then analyzed using interactive model.
Findings
In principle, this research exactly determines the responses of officers and the community to the process of “clean and healthy living behavior” activities. In general, the health facility used first is self-treatment, before seeking medical treatment or non-drug treatment. It proves that humans are always experimenting. From the research result, there are respondents who do not use medical treatment at 16 per cent; and the remaining 84 per cent are using medical treatment, despite being preceded by self-treatment (S) and non-medical treatment (N).
Originality/value
Currently, there have not been many studies related to the implementation of clean and healthy behavior although the information about it is very important to know. The managers of the “clean and healthy behavior” program need to know such information.
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of dosage and method of providing Cinnamononi Extract as feed additive to Broiler’s performance, and carcass’ characteristic. Cinnamononi ...Extract (CE) is an extract of cinnamon leaf, noni leaf, and noni fruit mixture at a ratio of 1:2:2. This experiment used a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 7 treatment combinations and 4 repetitions on 140 seven days aged chicks (strain AA). The treatment combinations were: T1 = without CE and without fasting, T2 = 250 mg CE/kg Body Weight and without fasting, T3 = 350 mg CE/kg BW, without fasting, T4 = 250 mg CE/kg BW after fasting for 1.5 hours in the morning, T5 = 350 mgCE/kg BW after fasting for 1.5 hours in the morning, T6 = 250 mg CE/kg BW after fasting for 1.5 hours in the day time, and T7 = 350 mg CE/kg BW after fasting for 1.5 hours in the day time. CE was given everyday by dissolving it in a limited water (± 5 ml/chicken). Results indicated that the combination of dosage and method of providing CE treatments increased (p < 0,05) broiler performance (it increased BWG, but reduced feed intake and FCR), but there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on carcass characteritic. The conclusion of this experiment was that Cinnamononi Extract could be used as growth promotter feed additive. The effective and efficient dosage and method of providing Cinnamononi Extract to increase broiler performance is 250 mg/kg body weight after fasting for 1.5 hours either in the morning or in the day time.
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•BFO/LFO/graphene was prepared by hydrothermal reaction.•BFO/LFO/graphene significantly improve the photocatalytic reaction.•The PS activation is important to maximize the ...4-Nitrophenol degradation.
4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) is used to manufacture drugs, fungicides, insecticides, and dyes. Discharge of industrial effluent containing 4-NP into the receiving water could result harmful effects on the environment and human beings. Therefore, in this study advanced oxidation process (AOP) using BiFeO3/LaFeO3/graphene (BFO/LFO/G) composites as catalysts is applied to evaluate the degradation of 4-NP in aqueous solution. LFO/BFO/G was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Photoluminesence (PL), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), cyclic voltammetry, thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and was further used to degrade 4-NP assists with peroxydisulfate (PS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under UV and visible light irradiation. Each experimental parameter was evaluated, including the initial NP concentration, pH, PS concentrations, and catalyst dosage. Compared to pure BiFeO3, LaFeO3 nanoparticles, and a BiFeO3/LaFeO3 composite, the BiFeO3/LaFeO3/graphene composites significantly increased the degradation of 4-NP. Optimal degradation was achieved with a BiFeO3/LaFeO3/graphene composite containing 5 wt% graphene and could degrade ∼90.2 % of 4-NP within 2 h, with assisted of PS. The degradation of 4-NP in the presence of PS was more efficient under irradiation with visible light than UV light. The dominant mechanism of the degradation process was discussed. Additionally, the LC-MS results proposed the degradation path of 4-NP. Based on the results, the synthesized composites showed their ability to degrade 4-NP in aqueous solutions.
This study investigated the effect of voltage gradient (VG) and process capacity on the heating pattern and energy requirement during temperature conditioning by ohmic heating for coffee ...fermentation. Three levels of VG (8, 12 and 16 V/cm) and batch capacity (50, 75 and 100 g) were taken as independent variables using a full-factorial design. The setpoint temperature was 37 °C. Experimental research revealed that temperature conditioning for coffee fermentation can be performed properly using ohmic heating. The temperature distribution in coffee beans had a high level of uniformity, and the temperature could be maintained according to the setpoint temperature with a minimum deviation value. It was found that an increase in VG and batch capacity increased the electric current, power, and heating rate. Specific power at three levels of capacity was relatively the same and increased as the VG increased. As the VG and capacity increased, efficiency tended to increase while specific energy consumption (SEC) decreased. This result demonstrated that a high-capacity coffee fermentation was recommended for low SEC and high efficiency (minimum heat loss). Electrical conductivity (EC) of coffee beans was also studied during the test where VG affected the EC of coffee beans, also final EC at 37 °C always showed significantly higher (p-value<0.05) than the initial EC at 25–27 °C for all VG variations. Furthermore, the established mathematical models were found to be fit for estimating the amount of electrical current and power requirement with R2 > 0.97.
In the coffee fermentation, to maintain the consistency of the coffee produced, a controlled and consistent process is needed by using a fermenter (fermentation vessel). Ohmic heating is a promising technology to condition the optimum temperature in the fermentation process with high efficiency and uniform heating. To develop an industrial scale ohmic type fermenter for coffee fermentation and its energy requirements, an in-depth study of the heating pattern, energy requirement and electrical conductivity is essential. The present paper contributes to the disclosure of the heat generation process in Robusta coffee beans and investigate the heating pattern, energy requirement, and electrical conductivity during ohmic heating. Several empirical models generated from this investigation could be useful for the coffee industry regarding the development and scaling up of ohmic heating-based coffee fermenters.
•Voltage gradient (VG) and batch capacity affected the heating rate, electric current, power, and specific energy consumption.•Some empirical models were established as function of VG and capacity.•Electrical conductivity (EC) of coffee beans-mucilage was influenced by VG and temperature.•The EC of coffee beans is categorized as good EC and is suitable for ohmic assisted coffee fermentation.
The research aims to determine the effect of
Sargassum crassifolium
brown seaweed flour in diet,on the internal organs of broiler. Salt content of brown seaweed was decreased by immersion in flowing ...water for 15 hours. This research used 100 DOC broilers of the Lohman strain. In prestarter (0-1 week of age) period were given commercial diet for adaptation, and at the age of 2 to 6 weeks are given diet containing
Sargassum crassifolium
brown seaweed flour. The cages used were 20 box cages, and each cage was placed by 5 broilers. The experiment using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 different treatments of
Sargassum crassifolium
brown seaweed flour (0%, 6%, 12% and 18%) in the diet, and each treatment was repeated 5 times. Measurements were percentage of liver, of pancreas, gizzard, small intestine, and small intestine length (cm). The results showed that the inclusion of the brown seaweed
Sargassum crassifolium
flour in the diet had no significant effect (P>0.05) on percentage of liver, small intestine, and the length of the small intestine, but it had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on percentage of pancreatic and gizzard. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the brown seaweed
Sargassum crassifolium
can be given up to a level of 18% in the diet without having a negative effect on the percentage of liver,small intestine and length of the small intestine, and increased the percentage of gizzard and pancreas of broilers.
Cinnamononi Extract is a growth promoter feed additive and also plays role as antimicrobial that can substitute the use of antibiotic on the ration. This research was conducted to examine the effect ...of duration of giving the Cinnamononi Extract (EC) to the broiler's performance. This research used 160 broiler chicks on the age of 8 days which was caged on 20 boxes of cage. Each cage contained 8 chicks. There were 5 treatments concerning the duration of giving Cinnamononi Extract: A = no EC given (control), B = EC given every day for 5 weeks, C = EC given every day for the first 2 weeks and the last week, D = EC given every day for 3 weeks, and E = EC given every day for 4 weeks. The treatments were repeated 4 times. The result of this research showed that the treatment has a real impact (p<0,05) to the increasing of weight and ration conversion, but was not really effective to the ration consumption. All EC-giving treatments (treatment B, C, D, and E) can increase the weight gain and decrease the ration conversion (p<0,05). The treatment C (giving EC for the first 2 weeks, stop the giving, and give EC again on the last week) showed bad responses on weight gain and ration conversion (p<0,05) compare to treatment B, D, and E. the conclusion of this research is that the giving duration of Cinnamononi Extract every day for 5 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 weeks (B, E, and D) gave a better response on weight gain and ration conversion compare to the giving for 2 weeks.
Background and Aim: In-feed antibiotics have been used as antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) to enhance the genetic potential of poultry. However, the long-term use of AGPs is known to lead to ...bacterial resistance and antibiotic residues in poultry meat and eggs. To address these concerns, alternatives to AGPs are needed, one of which is probiotics, which can promote the health of livestock without having any negative effects. In vitro probiotic screening was performed to determine the ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from soymilk waste to be used as a probiotic for livestock. Materials and Methods: Four LAB isolates (designated F4, F6, F9, and F11) isolated from soymilk waste were used in this study. In vitro testing was performed on LAB isolates to determine their resistance to temperatures of 42°C, acidic pH, bile salts, hydrophobicity to the intestine, and ability to inhibit pathogenic bacteria. A promising isolate was identified using the 16S rRNA gene. Results: All LAB isolates used in this study have the potential to be used as probiotics. On the basis of the results of in vitro testing, all isolates showed resistance to temperatures of 42°C and low pH (2.5) for 3 h (79.87%–94.44%) and 6 h (76.29%– 83.39%), respectively. The survival rate at a bile salt concentration of 0.3% ranged from 73.24% to 90.39%, whereas the survival rate at a bile salt concentration of 0.5% ranged from 56.28% to 81.96%. All isolates showed the ability to attach and colonize the digestive tract with a hydrophobicity of 87.58%–91.88%. Inhibitory zones of LAB against pathogens ranged from 4.80–15.15 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 8.85–14.50 mm against Salmonella enteritidis, and 6.75–22.25 mm against Escherichia coli. Although all isolates showed good ability as probiotics, isolate F4 showed the best probiotic ability. This isolate was identified as Lactobacillus casei strain T22 (JQ412731.1) using the 16S rRNA gene. Conclusion: All isolates in this study have the potential to be used as probiotics. However, isolate F4 has the best probiotic properties and is considered to be the most promising novel probiotic for poultry. Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, poultry, probiotic.
The study aimed to develop a small-scale drum dryer to meet the small enterprises' demand in the context to produce ready-to-eat food products to support stunting prevention. The design, manufacture, ...and thermal evaluation of a double drum dryer had been carried out. The development stage consisted of sizing the main components, creating technical drawings, determining component materials, manufacturing, and performance tests. The dryer drum dimension was 500 mm in diameter and 400 mm in length and 20 mm in thickness. The capacity of the double drum dryer was 10 kg/batch. The double drum dryer was powered by a 3-phase electromotor 2.24 kW. There are three transmission systems applied, i.e. gearbox, chain-sprocket and belt-pulley. The feeding system applied was nip feeding. The heat source originated from the steamer using an electric heater. Results of the test showed that the double drum drying machine had worked well as expected. The temperature distribution of both drums was fairly uniform, and the temperature uniformity in the drum surface showed good uniformity (minimum gradient temperature). The double drum dryer was able to produce good characteristics of products in the form of ready-to-eat products made from several ingredients (i.e. millets and red bean) which contain high macro and micronutrient.
Jendela merupakan elemen arsitektur yang berfungsi memasukan pencahayaan alami dari luar kedalam bangunan. Distribusi pencahayaan siang yang merata masuk kedalam ruangan dapat meminimalkan penggunaan ...pencahayaan buatan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari optimasi posisi jendela dengan pendekatan kepada distribusi jarak daylight factor (DF) dan estetika komposisi spasial. Analisis dilakukkan berdasarkan kualitatif distibusi DF pada ruangan terhadap posisi bukaan jendela secara estetika komposisional beradasarkan grafik teori kecocokan represetasional. Tahap fitting dan normalisasi pada nilai daylight factor dan estetika asimetri dari teori kecocokan represetasional merupakan langkah awal untuk mendapatakan optimasi nilai faktor yang nantinya akan diberikan suatu nilai faktor bobot ( ) untuk kedua variabel. Hasil studi di dapat posisi jendela paling optimal berada pada posisi jarak 23% dari lebar bidang dinding bukaan jendela terhadap sisi jendela bagian dalam, dimana nilai faktor bobot = 0,5. Optimasi dengan menggunakan nilai dapat digunakan arsitek untuk menentukkan distribusi DF, estetika asimetri atau bahkan keduanya. AbstractThe window is an architectural element that functions to incorporate natural lighting from outside into the building. Even daylight distribution into the room can minimize the use of artificial lighting. This research was conducted to find window position optimization by approaching the daylight factor (DF) distance distribution and spatial composition aesthetics. The analysis was carried out based on the qualitative distribution of DF in the room to the position of the window opening aesthetically compositional based on a graph of the theory of repetational compatibility. The fitting and normalization phase of DF values and the asymmetry aesthetics of the repetational match theory are the first step to get an optimization of the factor values which will be given a weight factor value (α) for both variables. The results of the study in the most optimal window position can be located at a distance of 23% from the width of the window opening wall area to the inner side of the window, where the weight factor value α = 0.5. Optimization using the can be used by architects to determine the distribution of DF, asymmetry aesthetics or even both.
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