Phylogeny of Lamiidae Refulio-Rodriguez, Nancy F; Olmstead, Richard G
American journal of botany,
February 2014, Letnik:
101, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
• Premise of the study: The Lamiidae, a clade composed of approximately 15% of all flowering plants, consists of five orders: Boraginales, Gentianales, Garryales, Lamiales, and Solanales; and four ...families unplaced in an order: Icacinaceae, Metteniusiaceae, Oncothecaceae, and Vahliaceae. Our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of Lamiidae has improved significantly in recent years, however, relationships among the orders and unplaced families of the clade remain partly unresolved. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the Lamiidae based on an expanded sampling, including all families together, for the first time, in a single phylogenetic analyses.• Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches. Analyses included nine plastid regions (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, rps4, rps16, trnL-F, and trnV-atpE) and the mitochondrial rps3 region, and 129 samples representing all orders and unplaced families of Lamiidae.• Key results: Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian trees provide good support for Boraginales sister to Lamiales, with successive outgroups (Solanales + Vahlia) and Gentianales, together comprising the core Lamiidae. Early branching patterns are less well supported, with Garryales only poorly supported as sister to the above ‘core’ and a weakly supported clade composed of Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, and Oncothecaceae sister to all other Lamiidae.• Conclusions: Our phylogeny of Lamiidae reveals increased resolution and support for internal relationships that have remained elusive. Within Lamiales, greater resolution also is obtained, but some family interrelationships remain a challenge.
This consensus statement is an update of the 2010 American College of Sports Medicine position stand on exercise and type 2 diabetes. Since then, a substantial amount of research on select topics in ...exercise in individuals of various ages with type 2 diabetes has been published while diabetes prevalence has continued to expand worldwide. This consensus statement provides a brief summary of the current evidence and extends and updates the prior recommendations. The document has been expanded to include physical activity, a broader, more comprehensive definition of human movement than planned exercise, and reducing sedentary time. Various types of physical activity enhance health and glycemic management in people with type 2 diabetes, including flexibility and balance exercise, and the importance of each recommended type or mode are discussed. In general, the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans apply to all individuals with type 2 diabetes, with a few exceptions and modifications. People with type 2 diabetes should engage in physical activity regularly and be encouraged to reduce sedentary time and break up sitting time with frequent activity breaks. Any activities undertaken with acute and chronic health complications related to diabetes may require accommodations to ensure safe and effective participation. Other topics addressed are exercise timing to maximize its glucose-lowering effects and barriers to and inequities in physical activity adoption and maintenance.
Ukraine's tug-of-war between Russia and the West has had significant and lasting consequences for the country. In 2013, Viktor Yanukovych, the Ukrainian president aligned with Russia, opted against ...signing an association agreement with the European Union. This agreement aimed to facilitate trade and travel between the EU and Ukraine. This decision sparked widespread protests that coalesced in Kyiv's Maidan Square, eventually becoming known as the Euromaidan protests. In this study, we analyze the protest data from 2013, sourced from Ukraine's Center for Social and Labor Research. Despite the dataset's limitations and occasional inconsistencies, we demonstrate the extraction of valuable insights and the construction of a descriptive model from such data. Our investigation reveals a pre-existing state of self-excitation within the system even before the onset of the Euromaidan protests. This self-excitation intensified during the Euromaidan protests. A statistical analysis indicates that the government's utilization of force correlates with increased future protests, exacerbating rather than quelling the protest movement. Furthermore, we introduce the implementation of Hawkes process models to comprehend the spatiotemporal dynamics of the protest activity. Our findings highlight that, while protest activities spread across the entire country, the driving force behind the dynamics of these protests was the level of activity in Kyiv. Furthermore, in contrast to prior research that emphasized geographical proximity as a key predictor of event propagation, our study illustrates that the political alignment among oblasts, which are the distinct municipalities comprising Ukraine, had a more profound impact than mere geographic distance. This underscores the significance of social and cultural factors in molding the trajectory of political movements.
Insect pests pose a major threat to a balanced ecology as it can threaten local species as well as spread human diseases; thus, making the study of pest control extremely important. In practice, the ...sterile insect release method (SIRM), where a sterile population is introduced into the wild population with the aim of significantly reducing the growth of the population, has been a popular technique used to control pest invasions. In this work we introduce an integro-differential equation to model the propagation of pests in a heterogeneous environment, where this environment is divided into three regions. In one region SIRM is not used making this environment conducive to propagation of the insects. A second region is the eradication zone where there is an intense release of sterile insects, leading to decay of the population in this region. In the final region we explore two scenarios. In the first case, there is a small release of sterile insects and we prove that if the eradication zone is sufficiently large the pests will not invade. In the second case, when SIRM is not used at all in this region we show that invasions always occur regardless of the size of the eradication zone. Finally, we consider the limiting equation of the integro-differential equation and prove that in this case there is a critical length of the eradication zone which separates propagation from obstruction. Moreover, we provide some upper and lower bound for the critical length.
The advent of quantitative PCR has improved the detection of human viral pathogens in the environment. However, a serious limitation of this method may arise from the inability to discriminate ...between viruses that are infectious and viruses that have been inactivated and do not represent a human health hazard. To assess whether propidium monoazide (PMA) pre-treatment is a good approach to inhibiting DNA amplification from non-infectious viruses, bacteriophage T4 survival was measured using cell culture titration and real-time PCR with and without PMA pre-treatment. Heat (85
°C) and proteolysis methods were carried out. After these inactivation treatments, the results indicated that the PMA pre-treatment approach is not appropriate for differentiating infectious viruses. However, when a heat treatment at 110
°C was undertaken, PMA pre-treatment did allow differentiation of non-infectious from infectious viruses. In this case, effective binding of PMA to bacteriophage T4 DNA could be taken to indicate capsid damage. Therefore, PMA pre-treatment may be appropriate for assessing effective disinfection treatments and for a more reliable understanding of the factors that contribute to viral inactivation through capsid damage monitoring. The PMA-PCR approach could be useful as a rapid and inexpensive analytical tool for screening and evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectants.
Animals utilize their surroundings to make decisions on how to navigate and establish their territories. Some species gather information about competing groups by observing them from a distance, ...detecting scent markings, or relying on memories of encounters with rival populations. Gathering such information involves a nonlocal process, prompting the development of mechanistic models that incorporate nonlocal terms to explore species movement. These models, however, pose analytical and computational challenges. In this study, we focus on a multi-species advection–diffusion model that incorporates nonlocal advection. To efficiently compute solutions for this system involving a large number of interacting species, we introduce a numerical scheme using spectral methods. Additionally, we examine the influence of various parameters and interaction potentials on population densities. Our investigation aims to provide a method to identify the primary factors driving species movements, and we validate our approach using synthetic data.
A transient increase in local pro-inflammatory cytokine expression following skeletal muscle injury mediates the repair and regeneration of damaged myofibers through myogenesis. Regenerative capacity ...is diminished and muscle wasting occurs, however, when intramuscular inflammatory signaling is exceedingly high or persists chronically. An excessive and persistent inflammatory response to muscle injury may therefore impair recovery by limiting the repair of damaged tissue and triggering muscle atrophy. The concentration-dependent activation of different downstream signaling pathways by several pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell and animal models support these opposing roles of post-injury inflammation. Understanding these molecular pathways is essential in developing therapeutic strategies to attenuate excessive inflammation and accelerate functional recovery and muscle mass accretion following muscle damage. This is especially relevant given the observation that basal levels of intramuscular inflammation and the inflammatory response to muscle damage are not uniform across all populations, suggesting certain individuals may be more susceptible to an excessive inflammatory response to injury that limits recovery. This narrative review explores the opposing roles of intramuscular inflammation in muscle regeneration and muscle protein turnover. Factors contributing to an exceedingly high inflammatory response to damage and age-related impairments in regenerative capacity are also considered.
PDF
