Increasing evidence shows that health inequalities exist between and within countries, and emphasis has been placed on strengthening the production and use of the global health inequalities research, ...so as to improve capacities to act. Yet, a comprehensive overview of this evidence base is still needed, to determine what is known about the global and historical scientific production on health inequalities to date, how is it distributed in terms of country income groups and world regions, how has it changed over time, and what international collaboration dynamics exist.
A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the global scientific production on health inequalities, from 1966 to 2015, was conducted using Scopus database. The historical and global evolution of the study of health inequalities was considered, and through joinpoint regression analysis and visualisation network maps, the preceding questions were examined.
159 countries (via authorship affiliation) contributed to this scientific production, three times as many countries than previously found. Scientific output on health inequalities has exponentially grown over the last five decades, with several marked shift points, and a visible country-income group affiliation gradient in the initiation and consistent publication frequency. Higher income countries, especially Anglo-Saxon and European countries, disproportionately dominate first and co-authorship, and are at the core of the global collaborative research networks, with the Global South on the periphery. However, several country anomalies exist that suggest that the causes of these research inequalities, and potential underlying dependencies, run deeper than simply differences in country income and language.
Whilst the global evidence base has expanded, Global North-South research gaps exist, persist and, in some cases, are widening. Greater understanding of the structural determinants of these research inequalities and national research capacities is needed, to further strengthen the evidence base, and support the long term agenda for global health equity.
Recently, cloud point extraction (CPE) has been an attractive subject as an alternative to liquid–liquid extraction. The technique is based on the property of most non-ionic surfactants in aqueous ...solutions to form micelles and become turbid when heated to the cloud point temperature. This review covers a selection of the literature published on applications of CPE in determination of metal ions over the period between 2004 and 2008.
This study aimed to explore the effect of the velocity and depth of the countermovement on vertical jump performance and the shape of the force-time curve. Seventeen university students performed two ...blocks of 18 countermovement jumps (CMJ) being instructed to jump for maximum height after performing the countermovement at a self-selected (SS-CMJ) or fast (F-CMJ) velocity. Each block consisted of six CMJ from a larger depth, six CMJ from a shorter depth, and six CMJ from a self-preferred depth. Mean and peak values of force, velocity and power, reactive strength index-modified (RSImod), jump height, and the shape of the force-time curve (unimodal or bimodal) were assessed. The F-CMJ provided a higher (mean and peak force, mean velocity, mean power, and RSImod) or comparable (peak power, peak velocity, and jump height) performance than the SS-CMJ. The shorter CMJ provided the highest values of mean and peak force, mean and peak power, and RSImod, while peak velocity and jump height were higher for the larger and self-preferred CMJ. The force-time curve was bimodal during the larger CMJ (100%) and unimodal during the shorter CMJ (65-88%). These results highlight that CMJ performance is influenced by the velocity and depth of the countermovement.
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