Precise measurement under high counting rates has been a major challenge for γ-ray spectroscopy, where signals generally pile up with each other and their characteristic values are deeply coupled. An ...off-line pile-up pulse recovery algorithm based on template matching is developed for LaBr3 scintillation detectors and has been applied to data from China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n white neutron beamline. As an improvement to the traditional Template Matching methods, the predetermined template shape is associated with pulse amplitudes, which is found crucial to achieve the best fitting results. Moreover, a universal strategy of setting the initial values of fitting allows to resolve signals that are separated in time by less than the characteristic rise time. Processing of simulated pulses demonstrates that the lower limit of interval to distinguish successive events is 10 ns, which is a significant improvement to the previous works. The algorithm performs well under a counting rate of 6×107 s−1, and is still effective up to 108 s−1. Analysis of experimental data indicates that this algorithm recovers over 98% count yield under a counting rates of no more than 4×106 s−1 in this work, providing a more reliable approach to deduce neutron-induced reaction cross sections.
ATP contributes to mechanosensory transduction in the rat colorectum. P2X3 receptors are present on dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that supply this area of the gut. Previous studies have shown an ...increased role for ATP in inflamed tissues. We aimed to investigate whether an increased purinergic component exists during mechanosensory transduction in a rat model of colitis. An in vitro rat colorectal preparation was used to investigate whether distension increased ATP release and to evaluate the role of purinergic antagonists in distension-evoked sensory discharges in the pelvic nerve in normal and colitis preparations. DRG neuron purinoceptors were also studied. Distension-evoked responses in the colitis model were attenuated to a significantly greater extent by 2',3'-O-trinitrophenyl-ATP and pyridoxyl 5-phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid. Inflammation caused augmented distension-evoked sensory nerve excitation after application of ATP and alpha,beta-methylene ATP. Single-fiber analysis confirmed that mean firing per unit was increased. Distension-evoked increases in ATP release from epithelial cells were substantially higher. The number of DRG neurons responding to ATP and the number of those staining for the P2X3 receptor, particularly those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide, were increased. Adenosine, after ectoenzymatic breakdown of ATP, is involved to a lesser degree in the longer-lasting distension-evoked sensory discharge, suggesting reduced ATPase activity. It was therefore concluded that ATP has an enhanced role in mechanosensory transduction in the inflamed rat colorectum. The underlying mechanisms appear to involve increased distension-evoked release of ATP as well as an increase in the number of DRG neurons supplying the colorectum expressing P2X3 receptors, especially those containing calcitonin gene-related peptide.
The actions of adenosine, adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), 2-methylthio adenosine diphosphate ADP (2-MeSADP), 2-methylthio ATP (2-MeSATP), α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP) ...on isolated segments of mouse stomach (fundus), duodenum, ileum and colon were investigated. The localization of P2Y
1, P2Y
2, P2Y
4, P2X
1 and P2X
2 receptors and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were examined immunohistochemically, and P2Y
1 mRNA was examined with in situ hybridization. The order of potency for
relaxation of longitudinal muscle of all regions was: 2-MeSADP≥2-MeSATP>α,β-meATP>ATP=UTP=adenosine. This is suggestive of P2Y
1-mediated relaxation and perhaps a further P2Y receptor subtype sensitive to α,β-meATP. As ATP and UTP are equipotent, the presence of a P2Y
2 receptor is indicated. ATP responses were inhibited by the P2Y
1-selective antagonist MRS 2179, and suramin. P2Y
1 receptors were visualized immunohistochemically in the smooth muscle of the ileum and in a subpopulation for myenteric neurones, which also stained for NOS. P2Y
1 mRNA was localized in neurones in both myenteric and submucosal ganglia in the ileum. Taken together, these results suggest that ATP was acting on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neurons, which release both nitric oxide (NO) and ATP. Reduced relaxations to 2-MeSADP by tetrodotoxin and
N
ω-nitro-
l-arginine methyl ester, are consistent with this possibility. Adenosine acts via P1 receptors to relax smooth muscle of the mouse gut. Segments of mouse colon (in contrast to the stomach and small intestine) were
contracted by nucleotides with the potency order: 2-MeSATP>α,βmeATP>ATP; the contractions showed no desensitization and were antagonized by suramin and PPADS, consistent with responses mediated by P2X
2 receptors. Immunoreactivity to P2X
2 receptors was demonstrated on both longitudinal and circular muscle of the colon, but not in the other regions of the gut, except for a small subpopulation of myenteric neurones. In summary, neuronal P2Y
1 receptors appear to mediate relaxation, largely through NO in all regions of the mouse gut, and to a lesser extent by P2Y
1, P2Y
2 and a novel P2Y receptor subtype responsive to α,β-meATP in smooth muscle, while P2X
2 receptors mediate contraction of colonic smooth muscle.
To assess the effectiveness of a 6-month Ba Duan Jin exercise program in improving the balance of community-dwelling older adults.
A two arms, parallel-group, cluster randomized controlled trial was ...conducted in 1 028 community residents aged 60-80 years in 40 communities in 5 provinces of China. Participants in the intervention group (20 communities, 523 people) received Ba Duan Jin exercise 5 days/week, 1 hour/day for 6 months, and three times of falls prevention health education, and the control group (20 communities, 505 people) received falls prevention health education same as the intervention group. The Berg balance scale (BBS) score was the leading outcome indicator, and the secondary outcome indicators included the length of time of standing on one foot (with eyes open and closed), standing in a tandem stance (with eyes open and closed), the closed circle test, and the timed up to test.
A total of 1 028 participants were included in the final analysis, including 731 women (71.11%) and 297 men (28.89%
Seawater desalination (SD) is an effective method to solve the shortage of human water resources. Because of the excellent corrosion resistance of metallic materials in natural waters, as well as the ...best corrosion resistant, low density, high strength and good heat resistance in seawater, titanium and its alloys are considered the desirable marine material, including in SD equipment. This review introduces material characteristics of titanium and its alloys, and three currently most widely used commercial SD technologies: multiple effect desalination (MED), multi-stage flash (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO). The applications and prospect of titanium and its alloys in SD industry are overviewed and analysed. This paper can be a reference for the future material selection of SD equipment.
Cohesin extrusion is thought to play a central role in establishing the architecture of mammalian genomes. However, extrusion has not been visualized in vivo, and thus, its functional impact and ...energetics are unknown. Using ultra-deep Hi-C, we show that loop domains form by a process that requires cohesin ATPases. Once formed, however, loops and compartments are maintained for hours without energy input. Strikingly, without ATP, we observe the emergence of hundreds of CTCF-independent loops that link regulatory DNA. We also identify architectural “stripes,” where a loop anchor interacts with entire domains at high frequency. Stripes often tether super-enhancers to cognate promoters, and in B cells, they facilitate Igh transcription and recombination. Stripe anchors represent major hotspots for topoisomerase-mediated lesions, which promote chromosomal translocations and cancer. In plasmacytomas, stripes can deregulate Igh-translocated oncogenes. We propose that higher organisms have coopted cohesin extrusion to enhance transcription and recombination, with implications for tumor development.
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•Cohesin extrusion requires cohesin’s intrinsic ATPase activity•Extensive loading of cohesin near CTCF anchors creates architectural stripes•Architectural stripes facilitate cognate promoter-enhancer interactions•Stripe anchors are prime sites of tumor-inducing TOP2β DNA breaks
Cohesin continually extrudes loops of chromatin in vivo, relying on ATP to fuel the process.
We earlier reported that, a 16 bp Rep-binding element (RBE) was sufficient for mediating Rep-dependent integration into AAVS1 in vitro. We explored here the potential use of this RBE in site-specific ...genome integration at the AAVS1 site in vivo using transgenic mice carrying the human AAVS1 locus in their genome. In the presence of a Rep-donor plasmid, an human blood coagulation factor IX (hFIX) expression plasmid (pRBE-CMV-hFIX) containing the 16 bp RBE was delivered to AAVS1 transgenic mice by hydrodynamic injection. Insertion of the transgene into the AAVS1 site of the mouse genome was confirmed by nested PCR at the junction of the plasmid/AAVS1 locus. Sequencing analysis found the site-specific insertion in four of seven animals injected with pRBE-CMV-hFIX but in none of the mice injected with pN2-CMV-hFIX, the control construct without the 16 bp RBE or with pRBE-CMV-hFIX plasmid but without co-expressing Rep. Plasma hFIX levels in pRBE-CMV-hFIX-injected animals were higher and lasted longer than in the pN2-CMV-hFIX control group. The levels of hFIX in pRBE-CMV-hFIX-injected animals were also significantly higher than in the control animals after partial hepatectomy (PH). These results showed that the 16 bp RBE could mediate the delivery of a therapeutic gene into the AAVS1 locus in a Rep-dependent, site-specific manner in vivo, suggesting its potential application in gene therapy.
Fas/FasL protein expression of bone marrow hematopoietic cells was investigated in severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients. Fas expression was evaluated in CD34(+), GlycoA(+), CD33(+), and CD14(+) ...cells labeled with monoclonal antibodies in newly diagnosed and remission SAA patients along with normal controls. FasL expression was evaluated in CD8(+) cells in the same manner. In CD34(+) cells, Fas expression was significantly higher in the newly diagnosed SAA group (46.59 ± 27.60%) than the remission (6.12 ± 3.35%; P < 0.01) and control (8.89 ± 7.28%; P < 0.01) groups. In CD14(+), CD33(+), and GlycoA(+) cells, Fas levels were significantly lower in the newly diagnosed SAA group (29.29 ± 9.23, 46.88 ± 14.30, and 15.15 ± 9.26%, respectively) than in the remission (47.23 ± 31.56, 67.22 ± 34.68, and 43.56 ± 26.85%, respectively; P < 0.05) and normal control (51.25 ± 38.36, 72.06 ± 39.88, 50.38 ± 39.88%, respectively; P < 0.05) groups. FasL expression of CD8(+) cells was significantly higher in the newly diagnosed SAA group (89.53 ± 45.68%) than the remission (56.39 ± 27.94%; P < 0.01) and control (48.63 ± 27.38%; P <0.01) groups. No significant differences were observed between the remission and control groups. FasL expression in CD8(+) T cells was significantly higher in newly diagnosed patients, and CD34(+), CD33(+), CD14(+), and GlycoA(+) cells all showed Fas antigen expression. The Fas/FasL pathway might play an important role in excessive hematopoietic cell apoptosis in SAA bone marrow. Furthermore, CD34(+) cells are likely the main targets of SAA immune injury.
Extracellular ATP plays a role in nociceptive signalling and sensory regulation of visceral function through ionotropic receptors
variably composed of P2X 2 and P2X 3 subunits. P2X 2 and P2X 3 ...subunits can form homomultimeric P2X 2 , homomultimeric P2X 3 , or heteromultimeric P2X 2/3 receptors. However, the relative contribution of these receptor subtypes to afferent functions of ATP in vivo is poorly understood. Here we describe null mutant mice lacking the P2X 2 receptor subunit (P2X 2 â/â ) and double mutant mice lacking both P2X 2 and P2X 3 subunits (P2X 2 /P2X 3 Dblâ/â ), and compare these with previously characterized P2X 3 â/â mice. In patch-clamp studies, nodose, coeliac and superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurones from wild-type mice responded
to ATP with sustained inward currents, while dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurones gave predominantly transient currents. Sensory
neurones from P2X 2 â/â mice responded to ATP with only transient inward currents, while sympathetic neurones had barely detectable responses. Neurones
from P2X 2 /P2X 3 Dblâ/â mice had minimal to no response to ATP. These data indicate that P2X receptors on sensory and sympathetic ganglion neurones
involve almost exclusively P2X 2 and P2X 3 subunits. P2X 2 â/â and P2X 2 /P2X 3 Dblâ/â mice had reduced pain-related behaviours in response to intraplantar injection of formalin. Significantly, P2X 3 â/â , P2X 2 â/â , and P2X 2 /P2X 3 Dblâ/â mice had reduced urinary bladder reflexes and decreased pelvic afferent nerve activity in response to bladder distension.
No deficits in a wide variety of CNS behavioural tests were observed in P2X 2 â/â mice. Taken together, these data extend our findings for P2X 3 â/â mice, and reveal an important contribution of heteromeric P2X 2/3 receptors to nociceptive responses and mechanosensory transduction within the urinary bladder.
•Ultra-high salt content composite is developed.•Adsorption capacity of composite desiccant reaches 3.8 g g−1 at 27 °C&70 %RH.•Horizontal placement of desiccant realizes uniform adsorption ...capacity.•Dehumification capacity of the desiccant coated heat exchanger achieves 1.08 g g−1.
Desiccant coated heat exchanger (DCHE) provides an effective way to decouple the sensible and latent heat loads and improves the energy efficiency by raising the evaporation temperature of air conditioning system. In this paper, a new encapsulation of porous membrane is adopted to fabricate the ultra-high salt content composite desiccant, AFLi30@P, whose salt content can reach over 85w %. Its adsorption capacity can be as high as 3.8 g g−1 at 27 °C and 70 % humidity. And then, DCHE based on AFLi30@P is developed. Experiments on both desiccant and DCHE levels are conducted to investigate the effects of temperature and humidity conditions on the dehumidification performance. The results reveal that, different from air temperature and dehumidification temperature, air humidity and regeneration temperature has positive effects on the DCHE dehumidification performance. Comparison between vertical and horizontal placements presents that horizontal placement of AFLi30@P on DCHE can avoid the effect of gravity to realize more uniform adsorption and heat transfer capacity. Dehumidification capacity of AFLi30@P DCHE can reach 1.08 g g−1 under the conditions of 27 °C air temperature, 70 % air humidity, 30 °C dehumidification temperature and 60 °C regeneration temperature.
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