Grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is a devastating disease that results in considerable economic losses as well as environmental damage through the repeated application of ...fungicides. The nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat gene family functions in plant immunoactivity against various pathogens and pests. In this study, the 5' and 3' ends of the resistance gene homology fragment RGA5 were obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The 4282-base pair full-length cDNA was obtained using gene-specific primers, and the corresponding 1335-amino acid protein sequence contained characteristic nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat domains of plant resistance proteins, including the toll-interleukin receptor type region. Expression of RGA5 during P. viticola infection and abiotic stress was investigated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that treatment with P. viticola and 4 abiotic stimuli (salicyclic acid, methyl-jasmonate, abscisic acid, H2O2) significantly induced RGA5 within 12 days of inoculation. Therefore, RGA5 may play a critical role in protecting grapevines against P. viticola via signaling pathways involving these molecules.
The units of pumped-storage power station always have a serious instability when the pump turbine working at transition process of turbine mode. Both the steady and unsteady numerical simulation were ...carried out to simulate the inner flow in pump-turbine. When considering and not considering the weak compressibility of water respectively, the internal flow field of two kinds of turbine operating mode and pressure fluctuation of a small opening condition of turbine operating mode are analyzed. The results show that the ″water seals″, a plurality of annular flow area which appeared in vaneless zone, under the small opening during turbine mode and those water seals blocked infiow from the guide vane domain. A pressure pulsation, which dominant frequency is 7fn, has emerged in the vaneless space under the small opening condition during the turbine mode. The amplitude of the pressure pulsation of the case which considered the compressibility is slightly larger than the others. Additionally, a pressure pulsation, dominant frequency is rotating frequency, has occurred in draft tube. And this pressure fluctuation is related to the structure of spiral vortex. Furthermore, when the compressibility is considered, there is a pressure pulsation occurred at the main frequency of 10fn in the draft tube. Meanwhile, the spiral vortex zone becomes heavier.
The antibody gene mutator activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) promiscuously damages oncogenes, leading to chromosomal translocations and tumorigenesis. Why nonimmunoglobulin loci are ...susceptible to AID activity is unknown. Here, we study AID-mediated lesions in the context of nuclear architecture and the B cell regulome. We show that AID targets are not randomly distributed across the genome but are predominantly grouped within super-enhancers and regulatory clusters. Unexpectedly, in these domains, AID deaminates active promoters and eRNA+ enhancers interconnected in some instances over megabases of linear chromatin. Using genome editing, we demonstrate that 3D-linked targets cooperate to recruit AID-mediated breaks. Furthermore, a comparison of hypermutation in mouse B cells, AID-induced kataegis in human lymphomas, and translocations in MEFs reveals that AID damages different genes in different cell types. Yet, in all cases, the targets are predominantly associated with topological complex, highly transcribed super-enhancers, demonstrating that these compartments are key mediators of AID recruitment.
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•AID targets are interconnected in 3D nuclear space•Targeted networks overlap predominantly with super-enhancer domains•Both promoters and transcriptionally active cognate enhancers are damaged by AID•Tethered regulatory elements cooperate to recruit AID activity
AID targets in the genome are interconnected in 3D networks that overlap with super-enhancer domains, revealing the role of the nuclear architecture and the B cell regulome in recruiting AID activity.
Alpha-alumina platelets have attracted much attention in recent years, due to their high fracture toughness, high elastic modulus, high strength and good corrosion resistance. In this paper, α-Al
2
O
...3
platelets were successfully synthesised by flux method using γ-AlOOH powder as starting material, KCl-K
2
SO
4
-Na
2
SO
4
composite salts as flux respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed that the flux has a low melting point of about 560±1°C and well stability even under temperature of 900°C, which is beneficial for the steady reaction and crystal growth under low temperature. Highly dispersed and hexagonal single crystal α-Al
2
O
3
platelets can be well formed at temperature of 900°C, and the average size of the platelets is about 6-7 μm.
Time-resolved Kerr rotation (TRKR) measurements based on pump-probe arrangement were carried out at 5 K on the monolayer fluctuation induced InAs/GaAs quantum disks grown on GaAs substrate without ...external magnetic field. The lineshape of TRKR signals shows an unusual dependence on the excitation wavelength, especially antisymmetric step-shaped structures appearing when the excitation wavelength was resonantly scanned over the heavy- and light-hole subbands. Moreover, these step structures possess an almost identical decay time of
∼
40
ps
which is believed to be the characteristic spin dephasing time of electrons in the extremely narrow InAs/GaAs quantum disks.
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