Previously, HCC has been a relatively rare tumour in the UK and much of the data pertaining to its diagnosis and therapy are derived from studies outside of the UK. Because of the lack of screening ...programmes and the fact that a significant proportion of HCC presents as symptomatic disease in individuals not known to have liver disease, most non-surgical therapies have been used in patients with advanced disease. ...they do not represent a directive of proscribed routes but a basis on which clinicians can consider the options available more clearly. 2.0 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES These guidelines cover two areas of clinical practice relating to HCC: firstly, its diagnosis, including surveillance of high risk individuals; and secondly, treatment of the patient where the diagnosis has been made.
Abstract
We assemble a large set of 2–10 GHz radio flux density measurements and upper limits of 294 different supernovae (SNe), from the literature and our own and archival data. Only 31% of SNe ...were detected. We characterize the SN radio lightcurves near the peak using a two-parameter model, with
t
pk
being the time to rise to a peak and
L
pk
the spectral luminosity at that peak. Over all SNe in our sample at
D
< 100 Mpc, we find that
t
pk
= 10
1.7±0.9
days and that
L
pk
= 10
25.5±1.6
erg s
−1
Hz
−1
, and therefore that generally 50% of SNe will have
L
pk
< 10
25.5
erg s
−1
Hz
−1
. These
L
pk
values are ∼30 times lower than those for only detected SNe. Types Ib/c and II (excluding IIn’s) have similar mean values of
L
pk
but the former have a wider range, whereas Type IIn SNe have ∼10 times higher values with
L
pk
= 10
26.5±1.1
erg s
−1
Hz
−1
. As for
t
pk
, Type Ib/c have
t
pk
of only 10
1.1±0.5
days while Type II have
t
pk
= 10
1.6±1.0
and Type IIn the longest timescales with
t
pk
= 10
3.1±0.7
days. We also estimate the distribution of progenitor mass-loss rates,
, and find that the mean and standard deviation of
are −5.4 ± 1.2 (assuming
v
wind
= 1000 km s
−1
) for Type Ib/c SNe, and −6.9 ± 1.4 (assuming
v
wind
= 10 km s
−1
) for Type II SNe excluding Type IIn.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rapidly progressive, lethal neuromuscular disorder, present from birth, which occurs almost exclusively in males. We have reviewed contemporary evidence of ...burden, epidemiology, illness costs and treatment patterns of DMD. This systematic review adhered to published methods with information also sought from the web and contacting registries. Searches were carried out from 2005 to June 2015. The population of interest was individuals with clearly defined DMD or their carers.
Nine thousand eight hundred fifty titles were retrieved from searches. Fifty-eight studies were reviewed with three assessed as high, 33 as medium and 22 as low quality. We found two studies reporting birth and four reporting point prevalence, three reporting mortality, 41 reporting severity and/or progression, 18 reporting treatment patterns, 12 reporting quality of life, two reporting utility measures, three reporting costs of illness and three treatment guidelines. Birth prevalence ranged from 15.9 to 19.5 per 100,000 live births. Point prevalence per 100,000 males was for France, USA, UK and Canada, 10.9, 1.9, 2.2 and 6.1 respectively. A study of adult DMD patients at a centre in France found median survival for those born between 1970 and 1994 was 40.95 years compared to 25.77 years for those born between 1955 and 1969. Loss of ambulation occurred at a median age of 12 and ventilation starts at about 20 years. There was international variation in use of corticosteroids, scoliosis surgery, ventilation and physiotherapy. The economic cost of DMD climbs dramatically with disease progression - rising as much as 5.7 fold from the early ambulatory phase to the non-ambulatory phase in Germany.
This is the first systematic review of treatment, progression, severity and quality of life in DMD. It also provides the most recent description of the burden, epidemiology, illness costs and treatment patterns in DMD. There are evidence gaps, particularly in prevalence and mortality. People with DMD seem to be living longer, possibly due to corticosteroid use, cardiac medical management and ventilation. Future research should incorporate registry data to improve comparability across time and between countries and to investigate the quality of life impact as the condition progresses.
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•Facile electro-deposition of bright Ni is possible from DES electrolytes at elevated temp. and high concentration.•Harder Ni deposits are obtained from DES than from aqueous ...electrolytes.•Similar deposition rates are measured despite the higher viscosity of the DES.•High temp. speciation of Ni2+ in DES determines morphology of deposit.•Ni deposition in DES shows a levelling effect when compared to Ni plating in aqueous electrolytes.
Metal electrodeposition using ionic liquid electrolytes and deep eutectic solvents is now well known but to our knowledge for electrolytic deposition of metals such as nickel no direct comparison has thus far been drawn between deposition using aqueous solutions and DES under otherwise identical conditions. In the current study it is shown that nickel deposition can be carried out with similar deposition rates in aqueous and ionic media despite the significant differences in viscosity and conductivity. It is, however, shown that in ionic media the morphology of the deposits is markedly different from that achieved using a Watts nickel bath and that one aspect of these differences manifests itself in significant increase in the coating hardness. It is proposed that the observed morphology differences occur due to the variations of nickel speciation in each electrolyte environment.
ABSTRACT
Of all ecosystems, freshwaters support the most dynamic and highly concentrated biodiversity on Earth. These attributes of freshwater biodiversity along with increasing demand for water mean ...that these systems serve as significant models to understand drivers of global biodiversity change. Freshwater biodiversity changes are often attributed to hydrological alteration by water‐resource development and climate change owing to the role of the hydrological regime of rivers, wetlands and floodplains affecting patterns of biodiversity. However, a major gap remains in conceptualising how the hydrological regime determines patterns in biodiversity's multiple spatial components and facets (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic). We synthesised primary evidence of freshwater biodiversity responses to natural hydrological regimes to determine how distinct ecohydrological mechanisms affect freshwater biodiversity at local, landscape and regional spatial scales. Hydrological connectivity influences local and landscape biodiversity, yet responses vary depending on spatial scale. Biodiversity at local scales is generally positively associated with increasing connectivity whereas landscape‐scale biodiversity is greater with increasing fragmentation among locations. The effects of hydrological disturbance on freshwater biodiversity are variable at separate spatial scales and depend on disturbance frequency and history and organism characteristics. The role of hydrology in determining habitat for freshwater biodiversity also depends on spatial scaling. At local scales, persistence, stability and size of habitat each contribute to patterns of freshwater biodiversity yet the responses are variable across the organism groups that constitute overall freshwater biodiversity. We present a conceptual model to unite the effects of different ecohydrological mechanisms on freshwater biodiversity across spatial scales, and develop four principles for applying a multi‐scaled understanding of freshwater biodiversity responses to hydrological regimes. The protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity is both a fundamental justification and a central goal of environmental water allocation worldwide. Clearer integration of concepts of spatial scaling in the context of understanding impacts of hydrological regimes on biodiversity will increase uptake of evidence into environmental flow implementation, identify suitable biodiversity targets responsive to hydrological change or restoration, and identify and manage risks of environmental flows contributing to biodiversity decline.
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