Abstract Lighting is essential for improving the visual conditions and meeting the needs of space users. It serves both quantitative and qualitative roles in a building. Furthermore, the lighting in ...a house of worship fulfills visual tasks and creates atmosphere for worship. This research aims to explore the perception of the Nazarene Christian Church (GKN) Filadelfia congregation regarding to the interior lighting conditions of their church using the semantic differential method. The results show that the congregation perceives the lighting is suitable for visual tasks, but the interior design falls short in creating the atmosphere required for a place of worship. This includes aspects like identity, warmth, intimacy, mystique, hierarchy, and expansiveness. The interior lighting of the Nazarene Christian Church Filadelfia needs to be redesigned to align with the church’s purpose and meaning, in addition to meet visual requirements.
► The concentration of TBH was reduced by 90% following electrolysis with BDD/Ti. ► Electrolysis with BDD/Ti electrodes led to the removal of 80% of total organic carbon. ► The reduction and ...formation of the byproducts of TBH could be monitored by HPLC. ► Ion chromatography confirmed that the electrochemical breakdown of TBH with BDD/Ti. ► The least doped BDD was the more efficient.
The thiadiazolylurea derivative tebuthiuron (TBH) is commonly used as an herbicide even though it is highly toxic to humans. While various processes have been proposed for the removal of organic contaminants of this type from wastewater, electrochemical degradation has shown particular promise. The aim of the present study was to investigate the electrochemical degradation of TBH using anodes comprising boron-doped (5000 and 30000ppm) diamond (BDD) films deposited onto Ti substrates operated at current densities in the range 10–200mAcm−2. Both anodes removed TBH following a similar pseudo first-order reaction kinetics with kapp close to 3.2×10−2min−1. The maximum mineralization efficiency obtained was 80%. High-pressure liquid chromatography with UV–VIS detection established that both anodes degraded TBH via similar intermediates. Ion chromatography revealed that increasing concentrations of nitrate ions (up to 0.9ppm) were formed with increasing current density, while the formation of nitrite ions was observed with both anodes at current densities ⩾150mAcm−2. The BDD film prepared at the lower doping level (5000ppm) was more efficient in degrading TBH than its more highly doped counterpart. This unexpected finding may be explained in terms of the quantity of impurities incorporated into the diamond lattice during chemical vapor deposition.
The mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways regulate cell growth, proliferation, and survival. We identify DEPTOR as an mTOR-interacting protein whose expression is negatively regulated by mTORC1 and mTORC2. Loss ...of DEPTOR activates S6K1, Akt, and SGK1, promotes cell growth and survival, and activates mTORC1 and mTORC2 kinase activities. DEPTOR overexpression suppresses S6K1 but, by relieving feedback inhibition from mTORC1 to PI3K signaling, activates Akt. Consistent with many human cancers having activated mTORC1 and mTORC2 pathways, DEPTOR expression is low in most cancers. Surprisingly, DEPTOR is highly overexpressed in a subset of multiple myelomas harboring cyclin D1/D3 or c-MAF/MAFB translocations. In these cells, high DEPTOR expression is necessary to maintain PI3K and Akt activation and a reduction in DEPTOR levels leads to apoptosis. Thus, we identify a novel mTOR-interacting protein whose deregulated overexpression in multiple myeloma cells represents a mechanism for activating PI3K/Akt signaling and promoting cell survival.
We developed a microarray-based system for screening small molecules in mammalian cells. This system is compatible with image-based screens and requires fewer than 100 cells per compound. Each ...compound is impregnated in a 200-μm-diameter disc composed of biodegradable poly-(D),(L)-lactide/glycolide copolymer. Cells are seeded on top of these discs, and compounds slowly diffuse out, affecting proximal cells. In contrast with microtiter-based screening, this system does not involve the use of wells or walls between each compound-treated group of cells. We demonstrate detection of the effects of a single compound in a large microarray, that diverse compounds can be released in this format, and that extended release over several days is feasible. We performed a small synthetic lethal screen and identified a compound (macbecin II) that has reduced activity in cells with RNA interference-mediated decrease in the expression of tuberous sclerosis 2. Thus, we have developed a microarray-based screening system for testing the effects of small molecules on mammalian cells by using an imaging-based readout. This method will be useful to those performing small-molecule screens to discover new chemical tools and potential therapeutic agents.
DNA microarrays and, more recently, protein microarrays, have become important tools for high-throughput genomic and proteomic studies. Transfected cell microarrays are a complementary technique in ...which array features comprise clusters of cells overexpressing defined cDNAs. Complementary DNAs cloned in expression vectors are printed on microscope slides, which become living arrays after the addition of a lipid transfection reagent and adherent mammalian cells. This article discusses two potential uses of cell microarrays in drug discovery: as a method of screening for gene products involved in biological processes of pharmaceutical interest and as in situ protein microarrays for the development and assessment of leads.
Here we describe lentivirus-infected cell microarrays for the high-throughput screening of gene function in mammalian cells. To create these arrays, we cultured mammalian cells on glass slides ...'printed' with lentiviruses pseudotyped as vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein, which encode short hairpin RNA or cDNA. Cells that land on the printed 'features' become infected with lentivirus, creating a living array of stably transduced cell clusters within a monolayer of uninfected cells. The small size of the features of the microarrays (300 microm in diameter) allows high-density spotting of lentivirus, permitting thousands of distinct parallel infections on a single glass slide. Because lentiviruses have a wide cellular tropism, including primary cells, lentivirus-infected cell microarrays can be used as a platform for high-throughput screening in a variety of cell types.
RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated loss-of-function screening in Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells is a powerful method for identifying the genes underlying cell biological functions and for ...annotating the fly genome. Here we describe the development of living-cell microarrays for screening large collections of RNAi-inducing double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in Drosophila cells. The features of the microarrays consist of clusters of cells 200 mum in diameter, each with an RNAi-mediated depletion of a specific gene product. Because of the small size of the features, thousands of distinct dsRNAs can be screened on a single chip. The microarrays are suitable for quantitative and high-content cellular phenotyping and, in combination screens, for the identification of genetic suppressors, enhancers and synthetic lethal interactions. We used a prototype cell microarray with 384 different dsRNAs to identify previously unknown genes that affect cell proliferation and morphology, and, in a combination screen, that regulate dAkt/dPKB phosphorylation in the absence of dPTEN expression.
Cell microarrays are a recent addition to the set of tools available for functional genomic studies. Each cell microarray is a slide with thousands of cell clusters that are each transfected with a ...defined DNA, which directs either the overproduction or the inhibition of a particular gene product. By using a range of detection assays, the phenotypic consequences of perturbing each gene in mammalian cells can be probed in a systematic, high-throughput fashion. Combining well-established methods for cellular investigation with the miniaturization and multiplexing capabilities of microarrays, cell arrays are a versatile tool that can be useful in many cell-biological applications.
Cell microarrays, which feature clusters of live mammalian cells overexpressing genes of interest, are an emerging technology with many potential applications in the field of cell biology.
We previously showed that prostatic stem cells are concentrated in the proximal regions of prostatic ducts. We now report that these stem cells can be purified from isolated proximal duct regions by ...virtue of their high expression of the cell surface protein stem cell antigen 1 (Sca-1). In an in vivo prostate reconstitution assay, the purified Sca-1-expressing cell population isolated from the proximal region of ducts was more effective in generating prostatic tissue than a comparable population of Sca-1-depleted cells (203.0 ± 83.1 mg vs. 11.9 ± 9.2 mg) or a population of Sca-1-expressing cells isolated from the remaining regions of ducts (transit-amplifying cells) (31.9 ± 24.1 mg). Almost all of the proliferative capacity of the proximal duct Sca-1-expressing cell population resides within the fraction of cells that express high levels of Sca-1 (top one-third), with the proximal region of prostatic ducts containing 7.2-fold more Sca-1highcells than the remaining regions. More than 60% of the high-expressing cells coexpress α6 integrin and the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-2, markers that are also characteristic of stem cells of other origins. Further stratification of the phenotype of the stem cells may enable the development of rational therapies for treating prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Since 2005, the blazar 3C 454.3 has shown remarkable flaring activity at all frequencies, and during the last four years it has exhibited more than one Delta *g-ray flare per year, becoming the most ...active Delta *g-ray blazar in the sky. We present for the first time the multi-wavelength AGILE, Swift, INTEGRAL, and GASP-WEBT data collected in order to explain the extraordinary Delta *g-ray flare of 3C 454.3 which occurred in 2010 November. On 2010 November 20 (MJD 55520), 3C 454.3 reached a peak flux (E >100 MeV) of Fp Delta *g = (6.8 ? 1.0) X 10--5 photons cm--2 s--1 on a timescale of about 12 hr, more than a factor of six higher than the flux of the brightest steady Delta *g-ray source, the Vela pulsar, and more than a factor of three brighter than its previous super-flare on 2009 December 2-3. The multi-wavelength data make possible a thorough study of the present event: the comparison with the previous outbursts indicates a close similarity to the one that occurred in 2009. By comparing the broadband emission before, during, and after the Delta *g-ray flare, we find that the radio, optical, and X-ray emission varies within a factor of 2-3, whereas the Delta *g-ray flux by a factor of 10. This remarkable behavior is modeled by an external Compton component driven by a substantial local enhancement of soft seed photons.
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