Background:
The process of temporary accommodation after an earthquake is one of the most important issues in crisis management.
Objective:
This research study attempts to identify and prioritize the ...key risks inherent with the post-earthquake temporary accommodation process in Sanandaj, Iran using the Fuzzy Delphi method.
Methods:
To achieve this goal, first, we examined the previous research on the issue of temporary accommodation after earthquakes and other disasters worldwide in order to determine the current important challenges. Then, the opinions of crisis management experts in 11 areas and 94 questions in the form of Fuzzy Delphi survey questionnaire with Five-point Likert measurement scale were used to rank these challenges. The Delphi panel participants, who responded to the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire, consisted of 18 experts related to crisis management in executive organizations of Kurdistan province.
Result:
After performing the steps of the fuzzy Delphi method, a basket of important risks in the temporary accommodation process were identified qualitatively and quantitatively, and were prioritized in order of relevance and significance. The results showed that climatic challenges have the highest potential of post-earthquake temporary accommodation risk in the region among of the 11 major risk areas under examination.
Conclusion:
The study’s findings and recommendations can serve as a policy instrument and consultative toolkit for relevant stakeholders.
We compare waves generated by subaerial solid-block and granular landslides and propose equations for predicting their maximum initial wave amplitudes. The recent Anak Krakatau subaerial landslide ...tsunami in December 2018, which resulted in more than 450 deaths, demonstrated the knowledge gap on this subject and motivated this study. Here, we make numerical models using the numerical package FLOW3D-Hydro for solid-block and granular landslides and validate them using physical experiments. Results indicate that the maximum initial wave amplitudes generated by solid-block landslides are 107% larger than those generated by granular landslides in our experiments. The relationship between maximum initial wave amplitude and slope angle is inverse for solid-block slides whereas, it is direct for granular slides. However, a critical angle of 60° is achieved for granular slides, and for slope angles more than this critical value, the maximum wave amplitudes start to decrease. Regarding wave period, our results show that it remains nearly unchanged for both types of landslides as water depth and slide volume vary. The period generated by solid-block slides increases as the slope angle decreases; however, it remains unchanged for granular slides. The predictive equations are applied to real landslide tsunamis and resulted in satisfactory performances.
•Maximum amplitudes of subaerial solid-block slides were 107% larger than granular.•A critical slope angle of 60° was obtained for granular slides.•Wave periods remain unchanged as water depth and slide volume vary for both slides.•Wave period increases as the slope angle decreases for solid-block slides.•Water particle speed for solid-block slides was nearly twice that of granular.
•Landslide travel distance is considered for the first time in a predictive equation.•Predictive equation derived from databases using 3D physical and numerical modeling.•The equation was ...successfully tested on the 2018 Anak Krakatau tsunami event.•The developed equation using three-dimensional data exhibits a 91 % fitting quality.
Landslide tsunamis, responsible for thousands of deaths and significant damage in recent years, necessitate the allocation of sufficient time and resources for studying these extreme natural hazards. This study offers a step change in the field by conducting a large number of three-dimensional numerical experiments, validated by physical tests, to develop a predictive equation for the maximum initial amplitude of tsunamis generated by subaerial landslides. We first conducted a few 3D physical experiments in a wave basin which were then applied for the validation of a 3D numerical model based on the Flow3D-HYDRO package. Consequently, we delivered 100 simulations using the validated model by varying parameters such as landslide volume, water depth, slope angle and travel distance. This large database was subsequently employed to develop a predictive equation for the maximum initial tsunami amplitude. For the first time, we considered travel distance as an independent parameter for developing the predictive equation, which can significantly improve the predication accuracy. The predictive equation was tested for the case of the 2018 Anak Krakatau subaerial landslide tsunami and produced satisfactory results.
The aim of this systematic review was to assess the existing literature and examine whether or not the size of apical enlargement during mechanical preparation affects the outcome of treatment in ...patients undergoing nonsurgical root canal therapy (NSRCT).
MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, and gray literature were searched (January 2000–May 2023). Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Eligible studies were critically appraised for risk of bias and quality of evidence and were meta-analyzed to estimate the treatment effects.
Two studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled success rate was 75.8%. The success rates of treatment with an apical size ≥ 30 and < 30 were 80.9% and 52.9%, respectively. Cases with an apical size ≥ 30 demonstrated significantly more favorable results (RR = 0.63, 95% Confidence Interval 0.46–0.79, P < .05). The overall quality of evidence was low.
With a low certainty of evidence, master apical preparation size ≥ 30 may result in an increased healing outcome in terms of clinical and radiographic evaluations.
The accurate prediction of landslide tsunami amplitudes has been a challenging task given large uncertainties associated with landslide parameters and often the lack of enough information of ...geological and rheological characteristics. In this context, physical modelling and empirical equations have been instrumental in developing landslide tsunami science and engineering. This study is focused on developing a new empirical equation for estimating the maximum initial landslide tsunami amplitude for solid-block submarine mass movements. We are motivated by the fact that the predictions made by existing equations were divided by a few orders of magnitude (10
−1
–10
4
m). Here, we restrict ourselves to three main landslide parameters while deriving the new predictive equation: initial submergence depth, landslide volume and slope angle. Both laboratory and field data are used to derive the new empirical equation. As existing laboratory data was not comprehensive, we conduct laboratory experiments to produce new data. By applying the genetic algorithm approach and considering non-dimensional parameters, we develop and examine 14 empirical equations for the non-dimensional form of the maximum initial tsunami amplitude. The normalized root mean square error (
NRMSE
) index between observations and calculations is used to choose the best equation. Our proposed empirical equation successfully reproduces both laboratory and field data. This equation can be used to provide a preliminary and rapid estimate of the potential hazards associated with submarine landslides using limited landslide parameters.
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic failure of nonsurgical endodontic treatment and retreatment for mature permanent teeth with or without apical ...periodontitis using the single-cone (SC) obturation technique with calcium silicate-based bio-ceramic (CSBC) sealers and to compare these failure rates to other sealer materials and obturation techniques.
A comprehensive search was conducted using MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and gray literature up to March 2023. Two reviewers assessed the eligibility of the included studies. Eligible studies were critically appraised for risk of bias and quality of evidence. Subsequently, a meta-analysis of pooled data was conducted utilizing the RevMan software (P < .05) to evaluate the failure rate of non-surgical root canal therapy using CSBC sealers and SC obturation procedures. Separately, another analysis was conducted to compare those results with the outcome of nonsurgical root canal therapy using alternative obturation materials and methods.
Five studies were included. The pooled failure rate for nonsurgical endodontic treatment and retreatment combined using CSBC sealers and SC obturation technique was 6.8% 95% confidence interval (CI) = (3%–12%), I2 = 46%. A second analysis was conducted on the 3 included clinical trials to compare the outcomes of the intervention (CSBC sealers and SC obturation technique) and control groups (other sealers and other obturation techniques). This analysis found no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding clinical and radiographic failure of endodontic treatment and retreatment Risk ratio = 0.71, 95% CI = (0.33, 1.51), I2 = 0. This difference was also not statistically significant when the failure rate of primary root canal treatment and retreatment were separately analyzed Combined Risk ratio of primary root canal treatment = 0.94, 95% CI = (0.46, 1.93), I2 = 0%; Combined Risk ratio of retreatment = 0.21, 95% CI = (0.001, 75.46), I2 = 0%.
The overall results of this systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that the SC obturation technique with CSBC sealer provides similar results compared to other obturation materials and techniques in facilitating the healing of apical periodontitis.
Accurately diagnosing the state of dental pulp is crucial when addressing tooth pain to determine the best treatment approach. This study aimed to investigate the concentration of inflammatory ...mediators in the dental pulp of mature teeth that have been exposed via caries but show no signs of apical periodontitis.
Samples of pulpal blood from adults with mature teeth responsive to pulp testing and have carious pulp exposures were obtained. These samples were analyzed for 12 inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory proteins using the Luminex assay platform. Clinical factors were correlated with cytokine levels, and statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of these factors on cytokine expression.
Of the 36 patients that were included, 44.44% took pain medications, 33.33% had prolonged pulpal bleeding, 41.67% felt spontaneous pain, and 72.22% were diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Significant correlations existed between presenting pain scores and levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, and IL-8 (P < .05). Factors like analgesic medication intake, pain to percussion, pain to thermal testing, spontaneous pain, and nocturnal pain were significantly associated with higher levels of specific inflammatory proteins. No significant associations were observed with pain to palpation, bleeding time, or pulpal diagnosis.
Inflammatory proteins, including cytokine levels may play a critical role in characterizing pulpal inflammation. Future studies should investigate the role of these potential biomarkers in determining the diagnosis of pulpitis and the prognosis of vital pulp therapy.
Accurate predictions of maximum initial wave amplitude are essential for coastal impact assessment of tsunami waves generated by submarine landslides. Here, we analyse the existing predictive ...equations for the maximum initial amplitude (
η
max
) of submarine landslide-generated waves and study their performance in reproducing real-world landslide incidents. Existing equations include various landslide parameters such as specific gravity (
γ
s
), initial submergence (
d
), slide length (
B
), width (
w
), thickness (
T
) and slope angle (
θ
). To determine how landslide parameters affect wave amplitude, we conduct a systematic sensitivity analysis. Results indicate that the slide volume (
V
=
B
×
w
×
T
) and
d
are among the most sensitive parameters. The data from the 1994 Skagway (observed
η
max
: 1.0–2.0 m) and 1998 Papua New Guinea (PNG) (observed
η
max
: 10–16 m) incidents provided valuable benchmarks for evaluating the performance of the existing equations. The predicted maximum initial amplitudes of 0.03–686.5 m and 3.7–6746.0 m were obtained for the 1994 and 1998 events, respectively, indicating a wide range for wave amplitudes. The predicted estimates for the smaller-sized event, i.e. the 1994 Skagway, appear to be more accurate than those made for the larger event, i.e. the 1998 PNG case. We develop a new predictive equation by fitting an equation to actual submarine landslide tsunamis:
η
max
=
50.67
V
d
0.34
, where
V
is the slide volume (km
3
),
d
is initial submergence depth (m), and
η
max
is in metres. Our new equation gives wave amplitudes of 1.6 m and 7.8 m for the 1994 and 1998 landslide tsunamis, respectively, which are fairly consistent with real observations.
This study aims to investigate the ability of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSC) to enhance the regeneration of pulp-dentin complex in immature permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis.
...A total of 32 mandibular premolar teeth with immature apices in 5 dogs were used in this in-vivo randomized controlled trial (RCT). Eight healthy teeth without pre-existing pathosis served as the positive control samples and received no treatment, while in another 8 teeth, the pulp was completely extirpated (negative control). Class V cavities were prepared to induce inflammation in the remaining 16 teeth (groups 3 and 4) and the pulp was extirpated 2-4 mm short of the radiographic apex. Of the 16, the 8 teeth in group 4 received 1 mL of cord blood stem cells with a hydrogel scaffold. Blood clots were covered with mineral trioxide aggregates at the cementoenamel junction in the experimental groups, and teeth were filled with RMGI and composite. Three months later, block sections were removed for histologic evaluations for the evaluation of postoperative apical closure, degree of inflammation, and presence of normal pulp tissue. The data were statistically analyzed with the chi-square test (P < .05).
All teeth with complete pulp extirpation demonstrated pulpal necrosis with no postoperative closure of their apices, while apical closure was seen in all the teeth in the remaining groups. There was a statistically significant (P < .001) difference in the presence of inflammation and normal pulp tissue between the experimental groups. The teeth in group 3 showed normal pulp tissue extending to the level of MTA, but there was inflammation within the canal space. In contrast, the teeth in the UC-MSC group demonstrated organized, normal pulp tissue with no inflammation.
Based on these results, the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex is possible with no inflammation when UC-MSCs are used and 2-4 mm of the apical pulp remains intact in immature teeth with irreversible pulpitis.
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