The utilization of living organisms for the creation of inorganic nanoscale particles is a potential new development in the realm of biotechnology. An essential milestone in the realm of ...nanotechnology is the process of creating dependable and environmentally acceptable metallic nanoparticles. Due to its increasing popularity and ease, use of ambient biological resources is quickly becoming more significant in this field of study. The phrase “green nanotechnology” has gained a lot of attention and refers to a variety of procedures that eliminate or do away with hazardous compounds to repair the environment. Green nanomaterials can be used in a variety of biotechnological sectors such as medicine and biology, as well as in the food and textile industries, wastewater treatment and agriculture field. The construction of an updated level of knowledge with utilization and a study of the ambient biological systems that might support and revolutionize the creation of nanoparticles (NPs) are presented in this article.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological ...methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs, and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing, stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast, algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts. Recently, numerous methods are used to increase the productivity of nanoparticles with variable size, shape, and stability. The different mechanical, optical, magnetic, and chemical properties of NPs have been related to their shape, size, surface charge, and surface area. Detection and characterization of biosynthesized NPs are conducted using different techniques such as UV–vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, SEM, AFM, DLS, XRD, zeta potential analyses, etc. NPs synthesized by the green approach can be incorporated into different biotechnological fields as antimicrobial, antitumor, and antioxidant agents; as a control for phytopathogens; and as bioremediative factors, and they are also used in the food and textile industries, in smart agriculture, and in wastewater treatment. This review will address biological entities that can be used for the green synthesis of NPs and their prospects for biotechnological applications.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesised in the current work using cells extract from yeast strain (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) as a clean and good for the environment technique. UV–Vis, XRD, ...FTIR, TEM, and DLS were used to identify the biosynthesised AgNPs. The Ag particles had a spherical structure, with sizes ranging from 3 to 60 nm. Functional groups matching to metabolites of yeast cells are discovered in FTIR investigations on NPs reducing and stabilising the Ag nanoparticle. Biosynthesised AgNPs were tested for antimicrobial effectiveness versus pathogens. AgNPs showed interesting antimicrobial action towards pathogens (
E. coli
,
P. aeruginosa
,
B. subtilis
,
S. aureus
, and
C. albicans
) with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs against
S. aureus
and
C. albicans
was 12.5 µg/mL, while was 25 µg/mL against
E. coli
,
P. aeruginosa
, and
B. subtilis
. Finally, the biosynthesised AgNPs derived from baker’s yeast cells show promise as a safe antibacterial agent towards microbes. The biosynthesised AgNPs formed using baker’s yeast cells have antibacterial properties, making them valuable in disease biocontrol and medicine.
Nowadays, medical textiles have become the most essential and developing part in human healthcare sector. This work was undertaken with a view to harness the bio-active macromolecules secreted by ...fungi e.g. proteins and enzymes in bio-synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles for multifunctional textiles such as antibacterial activity and UV protection with considering the cytotoxicity limitation. Herein, the isolated fungus, Aspergillus terreus, was allowed to produce proteins which has affinity to cape ZnO-NPs. Various factors affecting the behavior of the secreted proteins on the formed nanoparticles were investigated. Thorough characterizations of the protein capped ZnO-NPs were performed by the using of UV–Visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM) Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Dynamic light scattering analysis (DLS). Prior treatment of cotton fabrics with ZnO-NPs, the cytotoxicity of the protein capped ZnO-NPs was examined. After that, the antibacterial activity of the ZnO-NPs before and after treating of cotton fabrics, besides, the UV-protection (UPF) properties were investigated. Results obviously demonstrated the ability of the bio-secreted protein to cape and reduce ZnO to spherical ZnO-NPs with particle size lied around 10–45 nm, as indicated form UV–vis., spectra TEM, Zeta sizer, FTIR and XRD. Regarding to the results of cytotoxicity, the treatment of the cotton fabrics with ZnO-NPs were performed at safe dose (20 ppm). At this dose, ZnO-NPs loaded samples exhibited reasonable antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; besides, good UV-protection with reasonable increase in UVA and UVB blocking values. Indeed, nanotechnology based microbiological active molecules opens up new opportunities for us to explore novel applications in terms of green technology.
•Spherical narrow-sized ZnO-NPs were prepared using fungus Aspergillus terreus.•Optimization of the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was performed.•Cytotoxicity dose of ZnO-NPs prior application was studied.•Antibacterial activity and UV-protection of the treated cotton fabrics were investigated at safe ZnO-NPs dose.
Microbial infections are considered common and dangerous for humans among other infections; therefore the synthesis of high efficacy antimicrobial and anti-biofilm composites is continuous to fight ...microbial resistance. In our study, a new and novel tertiary composite (TC) was synthesized, it composed of TEMPO cellulose (TOC), chitosan, starch, and myco-synthesized Se-NPs. Myco-synthesized Se-NPs and TC were fully characterized using UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM with EDX, particle distribution, and mapping. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were effectively established for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The possible impact of myco-synthesized novel cellulose-based selenium nanoparticles tertiary composite on the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and Candida albicans was evaluated in this study. TC exhibited constant biofilm inhibition against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans, while the results obtained from cytotoxicity of Se-NPs and TC showed that, alteration occurred in the normal cell line of lung fibroblast cells (Wi-38) was shown as loss of their typical cell shape, granulation, loss of monolayer, shrinking or rounding of Wi-38 cell with an IC50 value of where 461 and 550 ppm respectively.
•Novel tertial composite based on TEMPO cellulose, chitosan, starch and biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles was synthesized.•This composite was fully characterized using UV, FT-IR, XRD, SEM with EDX, particle distribution and mapping.•This promising composite exhibited potential anti-biofilm activity which produced by microbes.
•CNC, ZnO/CuO and hybrid CNC/ZnO/CuO nanostructures were synthesized and characterized.•Nanostructures were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR and XPS.•Hybrid nanostructure exhibited higher ...photocatalytic activity towards dye degradation.•Hybrid CNC/ZnO/CuO nanostructure have greater antibacterial and larvicidal activities.•Hybrid nanostructure achieved better larvicidal activity against malaria vector.•Integrating CNC into nanostructures has increased its activities.
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and ZnO/CuO nanostructure were successfully synthesized by acid hydrolysis and sol-chemical methods, respectively. For the first time, CNC was used as a host polymer for synthesis of CNC/ZnO/CuO through In-situ solution casting technique. Morphological and structural of CNC, ZnO/CuO and hybrid CNC/ZnO/CuO were investigated by TEM, SEM-EDX, FT-IR, XRD and XPS analyses. The analysis revealed that, poly-dispersed, smooth and rod like CNC with an average length of ∼ 85.4 nm, average diameter of ∼13.9 nm and surface charge of 0.01 mmol/gm. As well, irregular shapes as hexagonal, spherical and cluster or star like of ZnO/CuO were formed. EDX and XRD spectra exhibited highly purified CNC/ZnO/CuO and pointed to cellulose II crystallite form with a monoclinic structure. The results demonstrated that, 91.3 % and 99.7 % dye degradation was achieved after 40 min of irradiation due to ZnO/CuO and CNC/ZnO/CuO treatment. Moreover, the inhibition zones formed due to 100 ppm ZnO/CuO were duplicated after integrating CNC (from 7.7:10.3 mm to 14.3:20.3 mm). The hybrid nanostructure exhibit larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi better than CNC and ZnO/CuO nanostructures.
Background/Goal/Aim
Plant extract is affordable and does not require any particular conditions; rapid production of nanoparticles using plants offers more advantages than other approaches. Selenium ...nanoparticles (SeNPs) have received much attention in the last decade due to SeNPs diverse and different applications. Herein, this study aimed to biosynthesize SeNPs using aqueous extract of Urtica dioica leaf through green and ecofriendly method. Moreover to fully characterize SeNPs using different techniques, and to evaluate it for antimicrobial activity as well as anticancer activity.
Main Methods and Major Results
SeNPs were biosynthesis using aqueous leaf extract of U. dioica (stinging nettle). The biosynthesized SeNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive electron spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermal‐gravimetric analysis (TGA). Antimicrobial and anticancer activities of biosynthesized SeNPs were assessed. Results illustrated that SeNPs exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as unicellular and multi‐cellular fungi. Moreover, minimal‐inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SeNPs against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus were 250, 31.25, and 500 μg mL−1, respectively, while were 62.5, 15.62, 31.25, and 7.81 μg mL−1 against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. The cytotoxicity of SeNPs was performed on Vero normal‐cell line CCL‐81, where IC50 was 173.2 μg mL−1.
Conclusions and Implications
For the first time, aqueous stinging nettle leaf extract was utilized to biosynthesize SeNPs in a green method. SeNPs have outstanding antimicrobial‐activity against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Moreover, SeNPs have promising anticancer activity against HepG2 cancerous cell line without cytotoxicity on Vero normal cell line. Finally, the biosynthesized SeNPs via aqueous extract of stinging nettle leaf exhibited potential antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer action, making them useful in the medical field.
Graphical and Lay Summary
For the first time, aqueous leaf extract of stinging nettle was used for biosynthesis of SeNPs through green and ecofriendly way. The biosynthesized SeNPs utilizing aqueous stinging nettle leaf extract exhibit potential antimicrobial and anticancer action, making them useful in the medical field.
New and creative methodologies for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which are exploited in a wide range of consumer items, are of significant interest. Hence, this research ...emphasizes the biological approach of Ag-NPs through Egyptian henna leaves (
Lawsonia inermis
Linn.) extracts and analysis of the prepared Ag-NPs. Plant extract components were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-mass). The analyses of prepared Ag-NPs were carried out through UV–visible (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. UV–Vis reveals that Ag-NPs have a maximum peak at 460 nm in visible light. Structural characterization recorded peaks that corresponded to Bragg’s diffractions for silver nano-crystal, with average crystallite sizes varying from 28 to 60 nm. Antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs were examined, and it is observed that all microorganisms are very sensitive to biologically synthesized Ag-NPs.
In our paper, we have synthesized modified PEA and alkyd resin by replacing the new source of polyol (SDEA) which was confirmed by different analyses such as IR, and 1HNMR spectra. A series of ...conformal, novel, low-cost, and eco-friendly hyperbranched modified alkyd and PEA resins were fabricated with bio ZnO, CuO/ZnO) NPs through an ex-situ method for mechanical and anticorrosive coatings. The synthesized biometal oxides NPs and its composite modified alkyd and PEA were confirmed by FTIR, SEM with EDEX, TEM, and TGA, and can be stably dispersed into modified alkyd and PEA resins at a low weight fraction of 1%. The nanocomposite coating was also subjected to various tests to determine their surface adhesion, which ranged from (4B-5B), physico-mechanical characteristics such as scratch hardness, which improved from < 1.5 to > 2 kg, gloss (100-135) Specific gravity (0.92-0.96) and also chemical resistance test which passed for water, acid, and solvent except alkali, was poor because of the hydrolyzable ester group in the alkyd and PEA resins. The anti-corrosive features of the nanocomposites were investigated through salt spray tests in 5 wt % NaCl. The results indicate that well-dispersed bio ZnO and CuO/ZnO) NPs (1.0%) in the interior of the hyperbranched alkyd and PEA matrix improve the durability and anticorrosive attributes of the composites, such as degree of rusting, which ranged from 5 to 9, blistering size ranged from 6 to 9, and finally, scribe failure, which ranged from 6 to 9 mm. Thus, they exhibit potential applications in eco- friendly surface coatings. The anticorrosion mechanisms of the nanocomposite alkyd and PEA coating were attributed to the synergistic effect of bio ZnO and (CuO/ZnO) NPs and the prepared modified resins are highly rich in nitrogen elements, which might be regarded as a physical barrier layer for steel substrates.
Traditional cancer treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. According to medical sources, chemotherapy is still the primary method for curing or treating cancer today and has been a ...major contributor to the recent decline in cancer mortality. Nanocomposites based on polymers and metal nanoparticles have recently received the attention of researchers. In the current study, a nanocomposite was fabricated based on carboxymethyl cellulose and silver nanoparticles (CMC-AgNPs) and their antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities were evaluated. The antibacterial results revealed that CMC-AgNPs have promising antibacterial activity against Gram-negative (Klebsiella oxytoca and Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus). Moreover, CMC-AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity against filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Concerning the HepG2 hepatocellular cancer cell line, the lowest IC50 values (7.9 ± 0.41 µg/mL) were recorded for CMC-AgNPs, suggesting a strong cytotoxic effect on liver cancer cells. As a result, our findings suggest that the antitumor effect of these CMC-Ag nanoparticles is due to the induction of apoptosis and necrosis in hepatic cancer cells via increased caspase-8 and -9 activities and diminished levels of VEGFR-2. In conclusion, CMC-AgNPs exhibited antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities, which can be used in the pharmaceutical and medical fields.
