Abstract Objective: To test the performance of ChatGPT on radiology questions formulated by the Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia (CBR, Brazilian College of Radiology), evaluating its failures and ...successes. Materials and Methods: 165 questions from the CBR annual resident assessment (2018, 2019, and 2022) were presented to ChatGPT. For statistical analysis, the questions were divided by the type of cognitive skills assessed (lower or higher order), by topic (physics or clinical), by subspecialty, by style (description of a clinical finding or sign, clinical management of a case, application of a concept, calculation/classification of findings, correlations between diseases, or anatomy), and by target academic year (all, second/third year, or third year only). Results: ChatGPT answered 88 (53.3%) of the questions correctly. It performed significantly better on the questions assessing lower-order cognitive skills than on those assessing higher-order cognitive skills, providing the correct answer on 38 (64.4%) of 59 questions and on only 50 (47.2%) of 106 questions, respectively (p = 0.01). The accuracy rate was significantly higher for physics questions than for clinical questions, correct answers being provided for 18 (90.0%) of 20 physics questions and for 70 (48.3%) of 145 clinical questions (p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in performance among the subspecialties or among the academic years (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Even without dedicated training in this field, ChatGPT demonstrates reasonable performance, albeit still insufficient for approval, on radiology questions formulated by the CBR.
La fracción exhalada de óxido nítrico (FeNO) se relaciona con el nivel de inflamación eosinofílica en las vías aéreas y los niveles de interleucina-13, por lo que podría ser una herramienta ...diagnóstica y de seguimiento en el asma. Se convocó un grupo de trabajo integrado por neumólogos, expertos en fisiología de la respiración y alergólogos, con la finalidad de establecer criterios para el uso de la FeNO en asma en México. Mediante un método Delphi simplificado y discusión grupal, se consensaron varios puntos clave en relación con el uso de la FeNO. Sugerimos que la medición de la FeNO sirve para el diagnóstico de asma en clínicas especializadas, tanto en niños como adultos, así como para determinar el nivel de tratamiento con corticosteroides. En asma grave, recomendamos la FeNO para la endotipificación, detectar la mala adherencia terapéutica, el subtratamiento y el riesgo de crisis. Sugerimos su uso para determinar el nivel de tratamiento con corticosteroides e identificar pacientes con riesgo de tener una pérdida de la función pulmonar. También la recomendamos en el adulto para mejorar la elección de medicamentos biológicos y, en este contexto, solo la sugerimos en casos selectos en niños.
Background. The effects of dose reduction in lung nodule detection need better understanding. Purpose. To compare the detection rate of simulated lung nodules in a chest phantom using different ...computed tomography protocols, low dose (LD), ultralow dose (ULD), and conventional (CCT), and to quantify their respective amount of radiation. Materials and Methods. A chest phantom containing 93 simulated lung nodules was scanned using five different protocols: ULD (80 kVp/30 mA), LD A (120 kVp/20 mA), LD B (100 kVp/30 mA), LD C (120 kVp/30 mA), and CCT (120 kVp/automatic mA). Four chest radiologists analyzed a selected image from each protocol and registered in diagrams the nodules they detected. Kruskal–Wallis and McNemar’s tests were performed to determine the difference in nodule detection. Equivalent doses were estimated by placing thermoluminescent dosimeters on the surface and inside the phantom. Results. There was no significant difference in lung nodules’ detection when comparing ULD and LD protocols (p=0.208 to p=1.000), but there was a significant difference when comparing each one of those against CCT (p<0.001). The detection rate of nodules with CT attenuation values lower than −600 HU was also different when comparing all protocols against CCT (p<0.001 to p=0.007). There was at least moderate agreement between observers in all protocols (κ-value >0.41). Equivalent dose values ranged from 0.5 to 9 mSv. Conclusion. There is no significant difference in simulated lung nodules’ detection when comparing ULD and LD protocols, but both differ from CCT, especially when considering lower-attenuating nodules.
Production of gluten-free bread using soybean flour Ribotta, Pablo D; Ausar, Salvador F; Morcillo, Martin H ...
Journal of the science of food and agriculture,
November 2004, Letnik:
84, Številka:
14
Journal Article
An entomological study of triatomine species was carried out to assess
their prevalence in 10 localities of the state of Michoacán,
Mexico. Entomological indices were calculated to estimate the risk ...for
vector-borne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi to the human
population in this area. Four triatomine species ( Triatoma barberi ,
Triatoma dimidiata , Meccus pallidipennis and Meccus longipennis )
were collected from the study area. This is the first report of M.
longipennis and T. dimidiata in Michoacán. M. pallidipennis was
significantly (p < 0.05) more abundant than any of the other species
collected in the study area. Infection indices were greater than 50%
for each of the four collected triatomine species. Significantly more
triatomines were collected from intradomiciliary areas than from
peridomiciliary or sylvatic areas. Infestation, crowding and density
indices were low, whereas colonisation indices were high in five
localities. The current vectorial conditions in the study area require
continuous entomological and serological surveillance to diminish the
risk of T. cruzi transmission to human populations.
Introducción: Un vivero forestal debe contar con abundante provisión de agua de calidad. El agua de características deficientes puede contener sales, iones tóxicos, contaminantes o fitopatógenos. No ...obstante, en México la calidad del agua en dichos viveros ha recibido poca atención. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico de la calidad del agua en viveros forestales de México.Método: En 148 viveros forestales ubicados en la República Mexicana que producen planta en contenedor o en bolsa, fueron obtenidas muestras de 1 L de agua. Éstas se analizaron en el Laboratorio Central de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Fueron estimados los parámetros de pH, conductividad eléctrica, concentración de bicarbonatos, calcio, boro, magnesio, sulfatos, sodio y cloro. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó la dureza total y la relación ajustada de adsorción de sodio (esta última para viveros que producen en bolsa). Resultados: Los parámetros que excedieron los límites establecidos fueron: pH con 84% (125 viveros), conductividad eléctrica con 34% (50 viveros), y concentración de bicarbonatos con 77% (114 viveros); en el resto de los parámetros medidos sólo un pequeño porcentaje está por arriba de los valores estándar. De todos los viveros, seis que producen en contenedor y dos que producen en bolsa, cumplen con los parámetros de calidad de agua, el resto tienen por lo menos un valor que no cumple con los límites establecidos. Conclusión: Con base en la proporción de viveros de cada región ecológica, la región templada sobresale con pH y bicarbonatos en altas concentraciones, y la región tropical húmeda presenta valores elevados en conductividad eléctrica. Se recomienda siempre seleccionar la ubicación del vivero entre otros factores, para contar con una fuente de agua de calidad.
The cationic acrylate polymer Eudragit® E100 (E100) produces a biphasic effect on the stability of casein micelles disrupting their internal structure (S. F. Ausar et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, ...51, 4417). These results suggested that this polymer could have some amphipathic character. Therefore, in this study the polymer was characterized with respect to its interaction with different amphipathic systems (bile‐acid micelles, lipoproteins and liposomes), cell membranes (red blood cells) and virus membranes (Herpes simplex type 2 virus). As with caseins, a biphasic effect was observed with bile acids with a precipitation phase at low polymer/bile acid ratio and a solubilization phase when the polymer concentration was increased. Upon interaction with human plasma, an important reduction in cholesterol and triglycerides was observed upon remotion of E100 by a rise in pH to 8.5 and centrifugation. In agreement with this finding, an important reduction in plasma lipoproteins was observed upon its treatment with E100 and further remotion by pH rise and centrifugation. However, the amount of the major protein components of human plasma and the activity of several enzymes and antibodies were not affected by their treatment with E100. The membrane‐destabilizing properties of E100 were confirmed by its lytic activity on liposomes and red blood cells and by an important antiviral effect of E100 on Herpes simplex virus type 2. Altogether, these results show that, despite its water solubility and cationic character, E100 displays a significative amphipathic and membrane‐destabilizing character with potential biotechnological applications.
Native‐PAGE of human plasma lipoproteins after treatment with E100.
The addition of chitosan to whole milk results in dose dependent destabilization and coagulation of the casein micelles and milk fat. The present study evaluates how the presence of chitosan could ...affect the hydrolysis of this chitosan-induced aggregate by different gastrointestinal proteases (pepsin and trypsin) and by pancreatic lipase. The chitosan-milk aggregate was hydrolyzed by pepsin and trypsin, as evaluated by the UV absorbance of TCA-soluble peptides and by urea-PAGE. The kinetics and extent of hydrolysis were independent of the casein being soluble or aggregated. The release of soluble peptides from the aggregate was independent of the presence of chitosan. A progressive inhibition of pancreatic lipase was observed in proportion to the increase in molecular weight of the chitosan employed to induce the formation of the aggregate. Interestingly, the presence of chitosan not only affected the initial velocity of the reaction, but also reduced its extent. The results indicate that a milk aggregate induced by chitosan was very well digested by gastric and intestinal proteases independently of the molecular weight of the chitosan used, and that the aggregate could retain the lipid-lowering effect of chitosan.
Introducción: Un vivero forestal debe contar con abundante provisión de agua de calidad. El agua de características deficientes puede contener sales, iones tóxicos, contaminantes o fitopatógenos. No ...obstante, en México la calidad del agua en dichos viveros ha recibido poca atención. Por ello, se planteó como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico de la calidad del agua en viveros forestales de México. Método: En 148 viveros forestales ubicados en la República Mexicana que producen planta en contenedor o en bolsa, fueron obtenidas muestras de 1 L de agua. Éstas se analizaron en el Laboratorio Central de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Fueron estimados los parámetros de pH, conductividad eléctrica, concentración de bicarbonatos, calcio, boro, magnesio, sulfatos, sodio y cloro. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó la dureza total y la relación ajustada de adsorción de sodio (esta última para viveros que producen en bolsa). Resultados: Los parámetros que excedieron los límites establecidos fueron: pH con 84% (125 viveros), conductividad eléctrica con 34% (50 viveros), y concentración de bicarbonatos con 77% (114 viveros); en el resto de los parámetros medidos sólo un pequeño porcentaje está por arriba de los valores estándar. De todos los viveros, seis que producen en contenedor y dos que producen en bolsa, cumplen con los parámetros de calidad de agua, el resto tienen por lo menos un valor que no cumple con los límites establecidos. Conclusión: Con base en la proporción de viveros de cada región ecológica, la región templada sobresale con pH y bicarbonatos en altas concentraciones, y la región tropical húmeda presenta valores elevados en conductividad eléctrica. Se recomienda siempre seleccionar la ubicación del vivero entre otros factores, para contar con una fuente de agua de calidad.
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