Correlations between various chemical species simulated by the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model, a general circulation model with fully interactive chemistry, are considered in order to investigate ...the general conditions under which compact correlations can be expected to form. At the same time, the analysis serves to validate the model. The results are compared to previous work on this subject, both from theoretical studies and from atmospheric measurements made from space and from aircraft. The results highlight the importance of having a data set with good spatial coverage when working with correlations and provide a background against which the compactness of correlations obtained from atmospheric measurements can be confirmed. It is shown that for long‐lived species, distinct correlations are found in the model in the tropics, the extratropics, and the Antarctic winter vortex. Under these conditions, sparse sampling such as arises from occultation instruments is nevertheless suitable to define a chemical correlation within each region even from a single day of measurements, provided a sufficient range of mixing ratio values is sampled. In practice, this means a large vertical extent, though the requirements are less stringent at more poleward latitudes.
Just as the 1929 Stock Market Crash discredited Classical economic theory and policy and opened the way for Keynesianism, a consequence of the collapse of confidence in financial markets and the ...banking system—and the effect that this has had on the global macro economy—is currently discrediting the ‘conventional wisdom’ of neo-liberalism. This paper argues that at the heart of the crisis is a breakdown in governance that has its roots in the co-evolution of political and economic developments and of economic theory and policy since the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression that followed. However, while many are looking back to the Great Depression and to the theories and policies that seemed to contribute to recovery during the first part of the twentieth century, we argue that the current context is different from the earlier one; and there are more recent events that may provide better insight into the causes and contributing factors giving rise to the present crisis and to the implications for theory and policy that follow.
Calcified tissue (primarily beef shank bone) was ablated in air with an HF laser beam focused on a spot diameter of 150 mu m and at several wavelengths in the 2.7-3.0- mu m range. Pulse irradiances ...ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 MW/mm/sup 2/, pulse durations from 350 to 1000 ns, and the pulse repetition rate was 0.5 Hz. Under histologic examination, tissue craters appeared cleanly cut with smooth walls and minimal charring. Fluence thresholds for tissue removal were approximately 10 mJ/mm/sup 2/, independent of the ablation wavelength. Ablation was observed to occur both with and without the presence of a plasma. The amount of energy required to ablate tissue ranged from 2 to 3 J/mm/sup 3/, similar to the value observed in noncalcified tissue. Debris ejected from the crater during ablation contained particles of an average diameter of approximately 500 nm, expelled from the crater at approximately 200 m/s.< >
A search for single top quark production is performed in the full e±p data sample collected by the H1 experiment at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 474 pb−1. Decays of top quarks ...into a b quark and a W boson with subsequent leptonic or hadronic decay of the W are investigated. A multivariate analysis is performed to discriminate top quark production from Standard Model background processes. An upper limit on the top quark production cross section via flavour changing neutral current processes σ(ep→etX)<0.25 pb is established at 95% CL. Limits on the anomalous coupling κtuγ are derived.
Incremental analysis updating (IAU) refers to a method of smoothly inserting instantaneous analysis increments into a numerical model by spreading the increments over a time period. In this work, ...this method is shown to be identical to applying a digital filter to the time evolution of analysis increments a method known as incremental digital filtering (IDF) for the case of linear models with time-invariant coefficients. The equivalence of the two methods can be used to show that the constant weights typically employed in IAU applications result in too much damping of long waves. For weakly nonlinear models, the two methods will not produce identical filtered states even if the filter coefficients are the same. The implications of the similarities and differences of the two methods are discussed. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
A search for physics beyond the Standard Model in neutral current deep inelastic scattering at high negative four-momentum transfer squared Q(2) is performed in e(+/-)p collisions at HERA. The ...differential cross section d sigma/dQ(2), measured using the full H1 data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 446 pb(-1), is compared to the Standard Model prediction. No significant deviation is observed. Limits on various models predicting new phenomena at high Q(2) are derived. For general four-fermion eeqq contact interaction models, lower limits on the compositeness scale A are set in the range 3.6 TeV to 7.2 TeV. Leptoquarks with masses M-LQ and couplings lambda are constrained to M-LQ/lambda > 0.41-1.86 TeV and limits on squarks in R-parity violating supersymmetric models are derived. A lower limit on the gravitational scale in 4 + n dimensions of M-S > 0.9 TeV is established for low-scale quantum gravity effects in models with large extra dimensions. For the light quark radius an upper bound of R-q < 0.65 . 10(-18) m is determined. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Charged particle production in deep-inelastic
ep
scattering is measured with the H1 detector at HERA. The kinematic range of the analysis covers low photon virtualities, 5<
Q
2
<100 GeV
2
, and small ...values of Bjorken-
x
, 10
−4
<
x
<10
−2
. The analysis is performed in the hadronic centre-of-mass system. The charged particle densities are measured as a function of pseudorapidity (
η
∗
) and transverse momentum (
) in the range 0<
η
∗
<5 and
in bins of
x
and
Q
2
. The data are compared to predictions from different Monte Carlo generators implementing various options for hadronisation and parton evolutions.
The cross section for
in photoproduction is measured with the H1 detector at the
ep
-collider HERA. The decay channel
is selected by identifying the semi-electronic decays of the
b
-quarks. The total ...production cross section is measured in the kinematic range given by the photon virtuality
Q
2
≤1 GeV
2
, the inelasticity 0.05≤
y
≤0.65 and the pseudorapidity of the
b
-quarks
. The differential production cross section is measured as a function of the average transverse momentum of the beauty quarks 〈
P
T
(
b
)〉 down to the threshold. The results are compared to next-to-leading-order QCD predictions.
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted; see image) A first measurement is presented of exclusive photoproduction of ... mesons associated with leading neutrons at HERA. The ...data were taken with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007 at a centre-of-mass energy of ... GeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 1.16 pb... The ... mesons with transverse momenta ... GeV are reconstructed from their decays to charged pions, while leading neutrons carrying a large fraction of the incoming proton momentum, ..., are detected in the Forward Neutron Calorimeter. The phase space of the measurement is defined by the photon virtuality ... GeV..., the total energy of the photon-proton system ... GeV and the polar angle of the leading neutron ... mrad. The cross section of the reaction ... is measured as a function of several variables. The data are interpreted in terms of a double peripheral process, involving pion exchange at the proton vertex followed by elastic photoproduction of a ... meson on the virtual pion. In the framework of one-pion-exchange dominance the elastic cross section of photon-pion scattering, ..., is extracted. The value of this cross section indicates significant absorptive corrections for the exclusive reaction ...
(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae and/or non-USASCII text omitted; see image) A combination is presented of all inclusive deep inelastic cross sections previously published by the H1 and ZEUS ...collaborations at HERA for neutral and charged current ... scattering for zero beam polarisation. The data were taken at proton beam energies of 920, 820, 575 and 460 GeV and an electron beam energy of 27.5 GeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 1 fb... and span six orders of magnitude in negative four-momentum-transfer squared, ..., and Bjorken x. The correlations of the systematic uncertainties were evaluated and taken into account for the combination. The combined cross sections were input to QCD analyses at leading order, next-to-leading order and at next-to-next-to-leading order, providing a new set of parton distribution functions, called HERAPDF2.0. In addition to the experimental uncertainties, model and parameterisation uncertainties were assessed for these parton distribution functions. Variants of HERAPDF2.0 with an alternative gluon parameterisation, HERAPDF2.0AG, and using fixed-flavour-number schemes, HERAPDF2.0FF, are presented. The analysis was extended by including HERA data on charm and jet production, resulting in the variant HERAPDF2.0Jets. The inclusion of jet-production cross sections made a simultaneous determination of these parton distributions and the strong coupling constant possible, resulting in ... An extraction of ... and results on electroweak unification and scaling violations are also presented.
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![Exclusive [rho]^sup 0^ meso...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1434-6044/small "Exclusive [rho]^sup 0^ meson photoproduction with a leading neutron at HERA")