War, in human and animal societies, can be extremely costly but can also offer significant benefits to the victorious group. We might expect groups to go into battle when the potential benefits of ...victory (
) outweigh the costs of escalated conflict (
); however,
and
are unlikely to be distributed evenly in heterogeneous groups. For example, some leaders who make the decision to go to war may monopolize the benefits at little cost to themselves ('exploitative' leaders). By contrast, other leaders may willingly pay increased costs, above and beyond their share of
('heroic' leaders). We investigated conflict initiation and conflict participation in an ecological model where single-leader-multiple-follower groups came into conflict over natural resources. We found that small group size, low migration rate and frequent interaction between groups increased intergroup competition and the evolution of 'exploitative' leadership, while converse patterns favoured increased intragroup competition and the emergence of 'heroic' leaders. We also found evidence of an alternative leader/follower 'shared effort' outcome. Parameters that favoured high contributing 'heroic' leaders, and low contributing followers, facilitated transitions to more peaceful outcomes. We outline and discuss the key testable predictions of our model for empiricists studying intergroup conflict in humans and animals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Intergroup conflict across taxa'.
For group-living animals to remain cohesive they must agree on where to travel. Theoretical models predict shared group decisions should be favoured, and a number of empirical examples support this. ...However, the behavioural mechanisms that underpin shared decision-making are not fully understood. Groups may achieve consensus of direction by active communication of individual preferences (i.e. voting), or by responding to each other's orientation and movement (i.e. copying). For example, African buffalo (
) are reported to use body orientation to vote and indicate their preferred direction to achieve a consensus on travel direction, while golden shiners (
) achieve consensus of direction by responding to the movement cues of their neighbours. Here, we present a conceptual model (supported by agent-based simulations) that allows us to distinguish patterns of motion that represent voting or copying. We test our model predictions using high-resolution GPS and magnetometer data collected from a herd of free-ranging goats (
) in the Namib Desert, Namibia. We find that decisions concerning travel direction were more consistent with individuals copying one another's motion and find no evidence to support the use of voting with body orientation. Our findings highlight the role of simple behavioural rules for collective decision-making by animal groups.
A new Global Trigger subsystem will be installed in the Level-0 Trigger as part of HL-LHC Upgrade of ATLAS during the upcoming Long-Shutdown 3. It will feature new and improved trigger hardware and ...algorithms, and an increased maximum output rate of 1 MHz. The Global Trigger will run offline-like trigger algorithms on full-granularity data, gathered from several sub-detectors and trigger-processing subsystems. A single Global Common Module (GCM) hardware is implemented across the Global Trigger system to be used as Multiplexer Processor, Global Event Processor and CTP Interface (gCTPi). This common hardware platform method will minimize the complexity of the firmware and simplify the system design and long-term maintenance. The GCM prototype is an ATCA front form factor board with two Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ FPGA VU13P and one ZYNQ UltraScale+ FPGA ZU19EG and seventeen 25.78125 Gb/s FireFly duplex optical modules on it. The total power consumption of this board must be less than 350 W, and the temperature of the optical modules should be less than 70 °C in the worst case. The VU13Ps serve as algorithms processor nodes such as MUX, GEP and gCTPi, and the ZU19EG with Peta Linux OS running on it, is used as Command/Control/Readout Unit to configure and monitor the board and communicate with the ATLAS Detector Control System (DCS). The development of an ATCA blade with three large FPGAs and about 200 optical links running at 25Gb/s is a very challenging task, and the successful test results have demonstrated this GCM prototype as an advancement of state-of-the-art electronics module design in HEP experiments. This paper presents the hardware design considerations, functionalities, and performance test results of this GCM prototype.
Recent high‐resolution radiosonde climatologies have revealed a tropopause inversion layer (TIL) in the extratropics: temperature strongly increases just above a sharp local cold point tropopause. ...Here, it is asked to what extent a TIL exists in current general circulation models (GCMs) and meteorological analyses. Only a weak hint of a TIL exists in NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. In contrast, the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM), a comprehensive GCM, exhibits a TIL of realistic strength. However, in data assimilation mode CMAM exhibits a much weaker TIL, especially in the Southern Hemisphere where only coarse satellite data are available. The discrepancy between the analyses and the GCM is thus hypothesized to be mainly due to data assimilation acting to smooth the observed strong curvature in temperature around the tropopause. This is confirmed in the reanalysis where the stratification around the tropopause exhibits a strong discontinuity at the start of the satellite era.
A strongly regular decomposition of a strongly regular graph is a partition of the vertex set into two parts on which the induced subgraphs are strongly regular, or cliques or cocliques. Strongly ...regular designs (srd's) as defined by D. G. Higman are coherent configurations of rank 10 with two fibers in which the homogeneous configuration on each fiber is a strongly regular graph. Haemers and Higman proved the equivalence between strongly regular decompositions, excluding special cases, and srd's with certain parameter conditions. Here we obtain this result by examining the srd's that admit a fusion to a strongly regular graph on the full vertex set. We derive equivalent conditions to Theorem 2.8 of Haemers and Higman by elementary methods. Incorporating recent works of Hanaki and Klin and Reichard, a table of feasible parameter sets for this class of srd's is presented along with a discussion of known constructions. In two cases, nonexistence is observed due to nonexistence of the strongly regular graph obtained through fusion. One of these is also ruled out by Hobart's generalized Krein conditions, applied to srd's. As strongly regular decompositions of the complete graph have sparked interest with recent papers we observe that in our situation this occurs only when the constituent graphs are also complete and the design is trivial.
The strong coupling constant αs is determined from inclusive jet and dijet cross sections in neutral-current deep-inelastic ep scattering (DIS) measured at HERA by the H1 collaboration using ...next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD predictions. The dependence of the NNLO predictions and of the resulting value of αs(mZ) at the Z-boson mass mZ are studied as a function of the choice of the renormalisation and factorisation scales. Using inclusive jet and dijet data together, the strong coupling constant is determined to be αs(mZ)=0.1157(20)exp(29)th. Complementary, αs(mZ) is determined together with parton distribution functions of the proton (PDFs) from jet and inclusive DIS data measured by the H1 experiment. The value αs(mZ)=0.1142(28)tot obtained is consistent with the determination from jet data alone. The impact of the jet data on the PDFs is studied. The running of the strong coupling is tested at different values of the renormalisation scale and the results are found to be in agreement with expectations.
Deprivations of subsistence needs, involving attacks on homes, livelihoods and basic resources, constitute a discreet and direct form of violence but remain marginalized within transitional justice. ...The article introduces the concept of 'subsistence harms' to name deprivations of the physical, mental and social needs of human subsistence, perpetrated with intent or with knowledge of the inevitable consequences of such deprivations. The concept seeks to promote more coherent and comprehensive recognition of these harms within transitional justice, as well as tighter categorization of harms related to socioeconomic concerns and a clearer understanding of the scope of transitional justice. As direct harms, subsistence harms can, and should, be comprehensively addressed by transitional justice mechanisms. Nevertheless, some realignment of thinking may be required to contest dominant concepts of violence and the limitations of the existing legal framework in order to enable the essence of these harms to be recognized. Adapted from the source document.
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