To compare the psychological responses to continuous (CT) and high-intensity interval training (HIT) sessions.
Fifteen men attended one CT session and one HIT session. During the first visit, the ...maximum heart rate, VO2Peak and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were determined through a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test. The HIT stimulus intensity corresponded to 100% of VO2Peak, and the average intensity of both sessions was maintained at 15% below the RCP. The order of the sessions was randomized. Psychological and physiological variables were recorded before, during and after each session.
There were no significant differences between the average percentages of VO2 during the two exercise sessions (HIT: 73.3% vs. CT: 71.8%; p = 0.779). Lower responses on the feeling scale (p≤0.01) and higher responses on the felt arousal scale (p≤0.001) and the rating of perceived exertion were obtained during the HIT session. Despite the more negative feeling scale responses observed during HIT and a greater feeling of fatigue (measured by Profile of Mood States) afterwards (p<0.01), the physical activity enjoyment scale was not significantly different between the two conditions (p = 0.779).
Despite the same average intensity for both conditions, similar psychological responses under HIT and CT conditions were not observed, suggesting that the higher dependence on anaerobic metabolism during HIT negatively influenced the feeling scale responses.
The current study compared the effects of high-intensity aerobic training (HIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) on mountain biking (MTB) race simulation performance and physiological variables, ...including peak power output (PPO), lactate threshold (LT) and onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
Sixteen mountain bikers (mean ± SD: age 32.1 ± 6.4 yr, body mass 69.2 ± 5.3 kg and VO2max 63.4 ± 4.5 mL∙kg(-1)∙min(-1)) completed graded exercise and MTB performance tests before and after six weeks of training. The HIT (7-10 x 4-6 min--highest sustainable intensity / 4-6 min-CR100 10-15) and SIT (8-12 x 30 s--all-out intensity / 4 min--CR100 10-15) protocols were included in the participants' regular training programs three times per week.
Post-training analysis showed no significant differences between training modalities (HIT vs. SIT) in body mass, PPO, LT or OBLA (p = 0.30 to 0.94). The Cohen's d effect size (ES) showed trivial to small effects on group factor (p = 0.00 to 0.56). The interaction between MTB race time and training modality was almost significant (p = 0.08), with a smaller ES in HIT vs. SIT training (ES = -0.43). A time main effect (pre- vs. post-phases) was observed in MTB race performance and in several physiological variables (p = 0.001 to 0.046). Co-variance analysis revealed that the HIT (p = 0.043) group had significantly better MTB race performance measures than the SIT group. Furthermore, magnitude-based inferences showed HIT to be of likely greater benefit (83.5%) with a lower probability of harmful effects (0.8%) compared to SIT.
The results of the current study suggest that six weeks of either HIT or SIT may be effective at increasing MTB race performance; however, HIT may be a preferable strategy.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01944865.
This study was an evaluation of the effects of self-selected intensity and three prescribed intensities of strength exercises on affective responses. 16 healthy active male participants (M age = 25.1 ...yr., SD = 5.5; M height = 168.0 cm, SD = 31.8; M weight = 84.4 kg, SD = 8.6) were randomly assigned to a control condition without exercise (Control); three prescribed exercise intensities at 40% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), 60% 1RM, and 80% 1RM; and one self-selected intensity (Self-selected). Affective response was assessed by the Feeling Scale and the Felt Arousal Scale. All prescribed intensities showed increased activation and only the session at 80% 1RM showed reduction valence compared to the Control condition. Thus, the affective response to strength training does not seem to be influenced by exercise intensity.
Self-selected exercise seems to promote positive affective responses due to the perceived autonomy associated with it. The objective of the present study was to determine the magnitude of differences ...in Feeling Scale (FS) responses during self-selected and imposed exercise sessions. The PRISMA Statement was adopted for this meta-analysis. The search used PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. A total of 10 studies that compared the effects of self-selected and imposed exercise sessions on acute FS responses were included. The screening strategy included: exclusion of studies that were duplicated between databases, abstract screening, and text screening. The standardized mean difference (SMD) between self-selected and imposed exercise sessions categorized in five intensities (equal intensity: both exercises were performed at the same intensity, below lactate/ventilatory threshold (LT/VT): imposed exercise was performed at an intensity below the LT/VT, at LT/VT: imposed exercise was performed at the LT/VT intensity, above LT/VT: imposed exercise was performed at an intensity above the LT/VT, and different intensity: both exercises were performed at different intensities and the intensity of imposed session was not reported relative to LT/VT) and an overall SMD were calculated. Self-selected exercise was used as the reference condition. The subtotal SMD values were as follows: -0.10 (equal intensity), -0.36 (below LT/VT), -0.57 (at LT/VT), -1.30 (above LT/VT), and -0.09 (different intensity) and the overall SMD was -0.41. The results of the present study indicate that the difference between affective responses in self-selected and imposed exercise sessions is dependent on the intensity of the imposed exercise session.
Electroencephalography has been used to establish the relationship among cortical activity, exercise and mood, such as asymmetry, absolute and relative power. The purpose of this study was to ...systematically review the influence of cortical activity on mood state induced by exercise. The Preferred Reporting Items in Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses was followed in this study. The studies were retrieved from MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and SciELO. Search was conducted in all databases using the following terms: EEG asymmetry, sLORETA, exercise, with affect, mood and emotions. Based on the defined criteria, a total of 727 articles were found in the search conducted in the literature (666 in Pubmed, 54 in ISI Web of Science, 2 in SciELO and 5 in other data sources). Total of 11 studies were selected which properly met the criteria for this review. Nine out of 11 studies used the frontal asymmetry, four used absolute and relative power and one used sLORETA. With regard to changes in cortical activity and mood induced by exercise, six studies attributed this result to different intensities, one to duration, one to type of exercise and one to fitness level. In general, EEG measures showed contradictory evidence of its ability to predict or modulate psychological mood states through exercise intervention.
Despite its apparent relevance, there is no evidence supporting the importance of anaerobic metabolism in Olympic crosscountry mountain biking (XCO). The purpose of this study was to examine the ...correlation between XCO race time and performance indicators of anaerobic power. Ten XCO riders (age: 28 ± 5 years; weight: 68.7 ± 7.7 kg; height: 177.9 ± 7.4 cm; estimated body fat: 5.7 ± 2.8%; estimated ·VO₂max: 68.4 ± 5.7 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) participating in the Lagos Mountain Bike Championship (Brazil) completed 2 separate testing sessions before the race. In the first session, after anthropometric assessments were performed, the cyclists completed a single 30-second Wingate (WIN) test and an intermittent tests consisting of 5 × 30-second WIN tests (50% of the single WIN load) with 30 seconds of recovery between trials. In the second session, the riders performed a maximal incremental test. A significant correlation was found between race time and maximal power on the 5× WIN test (r = -0.79, IC(95%) -0.94 to -0.32, p = 0.006) and the mean average power on the 5× WIN test normalized by body mass (r = -0.63, IC(95%) -0.90 to -0.01, p = 0.048). The finding of the study supports the use of anaerobic tests for assessing mountain bikers participating in XCO competitions and suggests that anaerobic power is an important determinant of performance.
Weight vest training (WVT) is a strategy used to improve the physical performance of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different training strategies with weight ...vests on vertical jump and change-of-direction ability (CODA) in male volleyball athletes.
Fifteen volleyball athletes (22.87±3.04 years, 83.22±10.84 kg, 1.86±0.69 m) participated in a six-week training programme and were randomized into three groups: weight vest plyometric training (WPG), weight vest technical-tactical training (WTG) and a control group (CG). The additional weight of 7.5% of individual body mass was employed in the experimental groups. Before and after the WVT, athletes performed countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and CODA (t-test) tests.
Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that CMJ height increased in all training groups (P<0.05), with the WTG inducing greater CMJ height gains in comparison to the CG (P<0.05). According to magnitude-based inference, the effects of the WTG strategy were "very likely" beneficial for the CMJ compared to the CG. In addition, t-test time decreased similarly among the three training groups (P<0.05).
The results suggested that WVT may be incorporated in a volleyball training routine as an effective strategy for improving the CMJ performance in male volleyball athletes.
Non-linear analyzes such as Approximated Entropy (ApEn) and Sample Entropy (SampEn) could show the adaptability of the autonomic nervous system in relation to the dynamic changes caused by exercise. ...The aims of the study were: a) Investigate the effects of different Self-Selected based Interval Exercises (SSIE) configurations on Heart Rate (HR) entropy; b) Determine whether the stimuli time promote different entropy responses; c) Observe whether exercises with passive self-selected recovery time (SSRT) promote different HR entropy responses compared to those with imposed time and active recovery; and d) Determine whether post-training entropy responses quickly return to baseline. Fifteen older women were randomized to perform six sessions of SSIE and one session of Self-Selected Continuous Exercise (SSCE), with approximately 24 min duration each. The results showed increases on ApEn during the exercises compared to the moments of rest Pre (p < 0.001), Post 6 min (p = 0.003) and Post 12 min (p < 0.001). Results demonstrated that interval exercises (IE) with SSRT, present lower values of ApEn and SampEn regarding the continuous activity (p < 0.05). It was also observed that the entropy values after training returned quickly to levels close to those of pre-exercise rest with a tendency to decrease more pronounced for the continuous. The SSIE were able to promote greater complexity in the HR entropy of older women, allowing greater stabilization of the cardiovascular system, including after training.
Abstract The monitoring of distance is crucial to calculate the metabolic requirement and the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) for a given exercise bout. Visual cues provide valuable information ...for distance estimation, navigation and orientation. The present study investigated if light deprivation may affect the conscious monitoring of distance, RPE and associative thoughts to exercise (ATE) during a 20-km cycling time trial (TT20km ). Eleven male, endurance cyclists performed two TT20km in illuminated-control and light-deprived laboratory. They were asked to self-report RPE and ATE when they perceived they had completed each 2 km. Results: The light deprivation resulted in elongated perceived distance at each actual 2 km, rather than in illuminated-control trial ( P < 0.05). Although there was no difference in RPE when it was plotted as a function of the perceived distance, RPE was lowered in light-deprived environment when it was plotted as a function of the actual distance ( P < 0.05). Additionally, ATE was lowered during TT20km in light deprivation ( P < 0.01); however, pacing and performance were unaffected in light-deprived environment. Conclusion: Results suggest that pacing and performance were regulated through a system which was unaffected in light-deprived environment, despite the altered conscious distance monitoring and perceptive responses.
Background: Self-selected exercise intensity (SSEI) promotes higher affect (pleasure) during exercise, but its reliability is still unclear. Purpose: to evaluate the test-retest reliability and the ...minimum detectable change of the perceptive and physiological responses in two sessions of SSEI on treadmill in elderly women. Method: Twenty elderly women (ages 65.3 ± 4.2 years) performed two 20-min laboratory-based treadmill aerobic exercise sessions with self-selected intensity. During the sessions, %VO
2max
, %HR
reserve
, affect, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Reliability was calculated using the intraclass correction coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. The minimum detectable change (MDC) was also calculated. Results: ICC values were 0.98 for % VO
2max
, 0.83 for % HR
reserve
, 0.85 for affect, and 0.80 for RPE. No differences were observed in mean values between sessions for all the variables. MDCs were lower than 0.7% for VO
2max
, 11.7% for HR
reserve
, 0.7 for affect, and 0.8 for RPE. Bland-Altman plots showed a bias of 0.50% for HR
reserve
, 3.2% for VO
2max
, 0.05 for affect, and −0.35 for RPE. Conclusion: Self-selected intensity during aerobic exercise performed on treadmill is reliable, which promotes adequate and lower MDC values on physiological and perceptual responses in elderly women.
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