Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) can provide direct and accurate sequence characterization of synthetic peptide drugs, and peptide drug products including side chain modifications in the Peptide ...drugs. This article explains a step-by-step guide to developing a high-throughput method using high resolution mass spectrometry for characterization of Calcitonin Salmon injection containing high proportion of UV-active excipients.
The major challenge in the method development of Amino acid sequencing and Peptide mapping was presence of phenol in drug product. Phenol is a UV-active excipient and reacts with both Dithiothreitol (DTT) and Trypsin. Hence Calcitonin Salmon was extracted from the Calcitonin Salmon injection using solid phase extraction after the extraction, Amino acid sequencing and peptide mapping study was performed. Upon incubation of Calcitonin Salmon with Trypsin and DTT, digested fragments were generated which were separated by mass compatible reverse phase chromatography and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS.
A reverse phase chromatographic method was developed using UHPLC-HRMS for the determination of direct mass, peptide mapping and to determine the amino acid sequencing in the Calcitonin Salmon injection. The method was found Specific and fragments after trypsin digest are well resolved from each other and the molecular mass of each fragment was determined using HRMS. Sequencing was performed using automated identification of b and y ions annotation and identifications based on MS/MS spectra using Biopharma finder and Proteome discoverer software.
Using this approach 100% protein coverage was obtained and protein was identified as Calcitonin Salmon and the observed masses of tryptic digest of peptide was found similar with theoretical masses. The method can be used for both UV and MS based Peptide mapping and whereas the UV based peptide mapping method can be used as identification test for Calcitonin Salmon drug substance and drug product in quality control.
•UV and MS based Peptide mapping, Amino acid sequencing, HRMS.•Proteome discoverer, BioPharma Finder Solid Phase Extraction.
The Peptide therapeutics market was evaluated to be around USD 45.67 BN in 2023 and is projected to witness massive growth at a CAGR of around 5.63 % from 2024 to 2032 (USD 80.4 BN). Generic peptides ...are expected to reach USD 27.1 billion by 2032 after the patent monopoly of the pioneer peptides expires, and generic peptides become accessible. The generic manufacturers are venturing into peptide-based therapeutics for the aforementioned reasons. There is an abundance of material accessible regarding the characterization of peptides, which can be quite confusing for researchers. The FDA believes that an ANDA applicant may now demonstrate that the active component in a proposed generic synthetic peptide drug product is the “same” as the active ingredient in a peptide of rDNA origin that has previously been approved. To ensure the efficacy, safety, and quality of peptide therapies during development, regulatory bodies demand comprehensive characterization utilizing several orthogonal methodologies. This article elaborates the peptide characterization by segmenting into different segments as per the critical quality attribute from identification of the peptide to the physicochemical property of the peptide therapeutics which will be required to demonstrate the sameness with reference product based on the size of the peptide chain and molecular weight of the peptides. Article insights briefly on each individual technique and the orthogonal techniques for each test were explained. The impurities requirements in the generic peptides as per the regulatory requirement were also discussed.
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•Peptide Characterization•Impurities in generic peptides•Orthogonal methods•Bottom up and Top-down MS•Structural Characterization
Bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully obtained using the leaf extract from Ventilago maderaspatana. Extensive analysis was conducted to evaluate the physical and chemical ...characteristics of the bioderived AgNPs. XRD analysis confirmed their cubic structure, and revealed a well-defined size distribution with average crystallite size of 11.7 nm. FE-SEM and TEM images visually supported the observed size range. The presence of plant-mediated phytochemicals on the surface of AgNPs was confirmed through DLS, FTIR, and TGA/DTA studies. To assess their antidiabetic potential, rats were induced with streptozotocin, resulting in elevated levels of biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. Conversely, serum insulin levels (2.50 ± 0.55) and glucokinase activity (64.50 ± 8.66) decreased. However, treatment with AgNPs demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, total protein, albumin, and HbA1c levels, effectively restoring them to normal ranges. Moreover, the treatment significantly increased insulin levels (7.55 ± 0.63) and glucokinase activity (121.50 ± 4.60), indicating the antidiabetic potential of V. maderaspatana-mediated AgNPs. Notably, the exitance of phytochemicals, like flavonoids and phenols, on the surface of AgNPs facilitated their ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through electron donation. This property enhanced their overall antidiabetic efficiency.
Dielectric properties of perovskite structured (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3; BCZT, ferroelectric ceramics prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method were investigated by AC impedance ...spectroscopy. To obtain high density samples, the pressed pellets were sintered at 1450°C and 1500°C for 4h. Polarization–Electric field (P–E) measurements of the ceramic samples sintered at 1500°C showed higher remnant polarization (Pr=12.20µC/cm2) and coercive field (Ec=4.50kV/cm) values when compared to Pr=8.02µC/cm2 and Ec=3.80kV/cm respectively for the samples sintered at 1450°C. In addition, BCZT sintered at 1500°C showed higher dielectric constant as compared to the one sintered at 1450°C. However, the dielectric constant measured as a function of frequency for both the sintered samples showed single maximum value at ~105°C, which is attributed to the structural phase transition (Curie temperature, TC) from ferroelectric, tetragonal phase to paraelectric, cubic phase. AC impedance analysis over the frequency range of 100Hz to 1MHz for the ceramic sintered at 1500°C, showed mainly bulk contribution up to 250°C while bulk and grain-boundary contributions were present above 250°C. Activation energies for conductivity were found to be strongly frequency dependent. The activation energy values are attributed to the conduction of oxygen vacancies via hopping mechanism.
•Large size crystals of pure and Co doped PPLT are grown by low cost technique.•The crystallographic, structural, optical and dielectric properties were interpreted.•An increase of NLO parameters in ...Co-doped PPLT crystal is demonstrated.
Single crystal of pure and cobalt (Co) doped piperazinium l-tartrate (PPLT) was grown by slow evaporation solution growth method. The effects of Co-doping on the growth, structural, optical, dielectric and NLO properties of PPLT crystals have been investigated. Powder XRD results demonstrate that both pure and Co doped PPLT crystals have crystal belongs to monoclinic system with non-centrosymmetric space group P21. The PPLT crystal has a large transmission window with a low near-UV cut-off wavelength of 231 nm, according to a UV–vis–NIR study. The incorporated Co ion could significantly improve the optical, mechanical, dielectric, conductivity and activation energy of PPLT crystal. The etching experiments were carried out to determine the crystal development pattern. The addition of Co to PPLT crystals improves optical transmittance, energy band gap, second and third order nonlinear optical efficiency, as well as the laser damage threshold. Density functional theory computations of equilibrium geometry and the first order hyperpolarizability of the crystal were calculated. The optimized geometric bond lengths and bond angles obtained by using DFT (B3LYP/6-31G (d,p)) show good agreement with the experimental data.
Water pollution is the root cause for many diseases in the world. It is necessary to measure water quality using sensors for prevention of water pollution. However, the related works remain the ...problems of communication, mobility, scalability, and accuracy. In this paper, we propose a new Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system that integrates with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology for real-time water quality monitoring. It aims to determine the contamination of water, leakage in pipeline, and also automatic measure of parameters (such as temperature sensor, flow sensor, color sensor) in real time using Arduino Atmega 368 using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) module. The system is applied in the Tirunelveli Corporation (Metro city of Tamilnadu state, India) for automatic capturing of sensor data (pressure, pH, level, and energy sensors). SCADA system is fine-tuned with additional sensors and reduced cost. The results show that the proposed system outperforms the existing ones and produces better results. SCADA captures the real-time accurate sensor values of flow, temperature, and color and turbidity through the GSM communication.
Attempt has been made to discriminate groundwater salinity causes along the east coast of India. A total of 122 groundwater samples (61/season) were collected for two diverse seasons (Pre Monsoon and ...Post Monsoon) and analyzed for physical and chemical components along with stable isotopes. The Piper diagram proposes samples along the coast predisposed by saltwater incursion. Ionic ratio plots recommend groundwater discriminatory by changing geochemical signatures. The statistical correlation suggests impact of saltwater incursion, anthropogenic and rock water interaction as sources for dissolved constituents in groundwater. The thermodynamic stability plot suggests higher silicate dissolution, weathering and ion exchange prompting water chemistry nevertheless of seasons. The δ18O and δ2H increases towards the sea suggesting enrichment attributed to the sea water influence and rainfall influences along the southwestern parts of the study area.
•The study deals with salinization sources of coastal groundwater in Southeastern coastal aquifers.•The Piper diagram proposes samples along the coast predisposed by saltwater intrusion.•Ionic ratio plots recommend groundwater biased by changing geochemical signatures.•Correlation analysis predicts sea water, rock water interaction and anthropogenic sources influencing groundwater.•The δ18O and δ2H increases towards the sea suggesting enrichment attributed to the sea water influence.
Vulnerability assessment and mapping is a significant tool for sustainable management of the precious natural groundwater resources. DRASTIC is an extensively used index model to map groundwater ...vulnerable zones. However, the original DRASTIC model rates and weights used in most of the research depict the poor correlation between nitrate concentration and groundwater vulnerability index. Wilcoxon test and five population-based metaheuristic (MH) algorithms, namely, firefly algorithm (FA), invasive weed optimization (IWO), teaching learning-based optimization (TLBO), shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO), were used to optimize the rates and weights of the DRASTIC model to improve its accuracy. The performance of all the employed metaheuristic algorithms converges to a global optimal solution at different iterations, and to choose the best algorithm for DRASTIC weights optimization, a ranking methodology was proposed. The algorithms were ranked by calculating the relative closeness of alternatives with computational speed and the number of iterations as attributes in the TOPSIS method. This study identifies FA as the outperforming algorithm among the employed for this specified weight optimization problem based on ranking. The result of the optimization model proposed depicts significant improvement in the correlation coefficient between the groundwater vulnerability index and nitrate concentration from 0.0545 for the original DRASTIC model to 0.7247 for the Wilcoxon-MH- DRASTIC. Hence, this ranking approach can be adopted when global optimal solution is found by all employed algorithms in DRASTIC weight optimization.
Purpose
We propose cloud IoT based LMS (Livestock Management System) with three features. i) Animal healthcare monitoring and recording using IoT sensors via wearable collar, ii) Animal livestock ...identification using UID for animals (smart tag) and owners (smart card), iii) QR code reading, processing and display of the details in mobile via wireless technologies.
Design/methodology/approach
The developed animal monitoring device is used to detect animal physiological parameters such as body temperature; physical gestures like sitting, standing, eating and heartbeat, environmental parameters such as air temperature and relative humidity. Also, e-animal husbandry information network management system is the comprehensive web-based animal husbandry software designed for better interaction between veterinary hospital, veterinary doctor, owner, farmer and animal husbandry management.
Findings
Animal monitoring device mounted on the neck sense the values and predict the health status of the animal by using cloud IoT analytics platform. The accuracy of the system is 90 per cent and it can be well placed in the livestock environment.
Research limitations/implications
This research is carried out in livestock cows located in Tirunelveli district. The practical difficulty was in placing sensors on the animal. The digital feed from the farmers and the veterinary hospital is input in the animal husbandry management software.
Practical implications
The developed system can be implemented for monitoring the health status of the animal from anywhere using mobile applications. Also, the digitized animal information helps the government to take the right decisions on policies and fund allocation.
Social implications
The implemented system can be easily scaled up to large environments by using wireless communication and animal husbandry data will be available immediately. UID scheme for animals can uniquely identify the animal and its details.
Originality/value
The proposed work implements novel livestock monitoring and analytics system along with Aadhar (Unique ID) for animal. The proposed UID scheme is innovative and unique.
Herein, we demonstrate a facile synthesis of peanut shell-derived activated carbon nanosheets using a facile thermal technique aided by chemical activation process for improved hydrogen evolution ...reaction (HER). The obtained activated carbon nanosheets show a multilayer sheet-like morphology with a highly porous nature and possess a very high surface area of ~2338 m2 g−1. The physiochemical analysis reveals that the catalytically active sites are associated with the prepared activated carbon nanosheets. The as-prepared activated carbon material employs as a potential metal-free electrocatalyst for H2 production under acidic electrolyte, exhibiting superior electrocatalytic performance with a less negative onset potential of 0.08 V Vs. RHE with low overpotential (η) response, small Tafel slope, and long-term stability. The enhanced HER activity of the developed activated carbon is attributed to high BET specific surface area, high porous nature and two-dimensional structure, employing as an encouraging impeccable metal-free HER catalyst. For the first time, we have successfully analysed and reporting an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards H2 production by activated carbon derived from peanut shell biomass.
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•Facile synthesis of activated carbon nanosheets derived from peanut shell biomass•Nitrogen self-doped activated carbon sheets showed multi-layer sheet, high surface area, and high porosity.•Activated carbon nanosheet exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards HER in acidic medium.
