1. This study was conducted to assess the impact of genotype and outdoor access (and gender when appropriate) on growth rate and carcass yield. 2. One slow-growing genotype (Bronze; B, n = 129), a ...commercial fast-growing genotype (Hybrid; H, n = 186) and a medium-growing genotype (crosses; H B, n = 78) were housed (straight-run) for 21 weeks of age. Each genotype was assigned to 3 pens of 20-23 birds each and raised in indoor floor pens in a curtain-sided house with ventilation fans; the B, H and H x B genotypes were also assigned to 3, 4 and 2 floor pens (2 m2 approximately) with outdoor access (during daylight hours), respectively. All animals were fed ad libitum a commercial diet and birds were commercially processed. After reaching the commercial live weight at 17 and 21 weeks of age, 4 birds (two females and two males) per replicate were slaughtered to determine the yields of carcass, breast, and thigh, abdominal fat and edible inner organs. Gastrointestinal tract characteristics such as length and weight of whole gut were analysed. 3. No significant interaction between genotype and housing systems was observed. Significant differences were found for all traits among genotypes. The live weight was higher in H and H x B genotypes from 7 to 15 weeks and from 7 to 21 weeks of age compared to B genotype, respectively. The live weight of H genotype was higher than that of H x B genotype from 15 to 21 weeks of age. The carcass weight and yield, and the relative weights of the edible inner organs and whole gut, and the relative length of whole gut were significantly affected by genotype and sex of birds. Differences in growth performance, relative weight of breast meat, wings or thighs between birds raised on barn or free-range were negligible. In conclusion, while the development in growth performances was related to strain, the traits at slaughter were related to both strain and sex, and were unaffected by housing system.
Eighteen weeks-old 264 ISA Brown pullets were divided into four cage density groups to investigate the effects of cage stocking density on egg yield, egg quality traits and plumage condition. The ...densities were 2,000, 1,000, 667 and 500 square cm per hen (by allocating 1, 2, 3 and 4 hens per cage) with 48, 30, 24 and 21 replicate cages, totally 123 three-tier battery cages. All birds were provided illumination for 16 hours. They were fed a diet containing 11.7 MJ ME/kg and 180 g CP during the period of 18 to 40 weeks of age and 11.3 MJ ME/kg and 170 g CP during the period of 41 to 54 weeks of age. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Egg yield, mortality, live weights at 50% egg production age and at the end of experiment, pecking related mortalities, some egg quality traits and plumage condition were recorded weekly. Egg production, egg mass, viability, and live weights were significantly decreased by higher densities. Most of the egg quality traits were not affected. Pecking related mortalities increased in cage densities of 667 square cm and 500 square cm per hen (P less than 0.05), while plumage scores were higher in all body parts of hens kept in cages of 2,000 and 1,000 square cm densities than in animals kept at higher densities. The results showed that brown laying hens should be kept in cages having 1,000-2,000 square cm per hen.
ABSTRACT Broiler pure lines are valuable breeding species and morphometric traits are advantageous for the selection of breast yield since they could be applied practically and without any negative ...impact on welfare. In this study, live weight (LW), carcass weight and ratio (CW and CR), breast weight and ratio (BW and BR), abdominal fat weight and ratio (AFW and AFR), morphometric traits such as breast width, length and index (BWD, BL and BI) were investigated in broiler pure lines. The research material consisted of 3 dam (A1, A2 and A3) and 2 sire (B1, B2) pure lines of 42 days of age. LW, CW, BW, AFW, AFR, BR, BL, BWD and BI values were different between the two lines (p<0.05). LW, CW, BW and BI were higher in sire lines. The relationship between breast weight and index were also higher in sire and dam lines than the relationships between breast width and length separately (in sire lines: BWD: 0.73; BL: 0.79; BI: 0.79, in dam lines: BWD: 0.79; BL: 0.74; BI: 0.84). In addition, high r 2 values were determined in regression equations for BW estimation in dam and sire lines (0.836 and 0.857, respectively). Because of the significant correlations between breast yield and its morphometric traits, it is seen that more feasible, ease of measurement, protection of breeding resources and welfare. It is thought that the use of breast index which shows a higher correlation compared to these traits will increase selection efficiency instead of using breast width and length separately.
In this study, as a developing European economy, the Turkish building sector is assessed for potential CO2 emission reduction with a bottom-up modelling framework with a time horizon starting from ...2015 until 2050. Three emission mitigation policies are studied for their emission reduction potentials, namely, increasing the usage rate of energy-efficient appliances, improving the energy performance of the building envelope in existing buildings, and increasing the use of energy-efficient heating and cooling systems. Based on these potentials, three emission reduction scenarios for 5%, 10%, and 21% compared to reference cases are designed and implemented. It is shown that much higher energy savings levels, 6%, 12%, and 28%, are achieved. It has been found that the cost-effectiveness of emission reduction scenarios depends on the policy mix as well as the future emission intensity of the electrical energy consumed, which can reduce the cost of mitigation down to the range of 100–200 USD/tonne CO2.
•GHG emission mitigation potential of buildings in Turkey until 2050.•Projection of GHG emissions and energy demands of buildings up to 2050.•Bottom-up and techno-economic modelling of buildings’ sector using TIMES framework.•Dynamic partial equilibrium, piecewise linear optimisation model.•The impact of GHG emission intensity of electricity on the cost of mitigation.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of the supplementation of an antibiotic growth promoter or novel feed additives with or without a xylanase-based enzyme complex to ...wheat-based diets on the growth performance, carcass yields and quality and intestinal characteristics (length of the total and small intestine, pH and viscosity of digesta, microflora) of Japanese quail. Eight hundred and forty day-old male quail chicks were randomly assigned to 14 groups of similar mean weight each of which included three replicates of 20 quail. The control group received a wheat-soyabean meal basal diet. In the treatment groups, the basal diet was supplemented with one of the following: an antibiotic, oregano essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, oregano essential oil plus cinnamon essential oil, a probiotic, a mannanoligosaccharide, and the same diets plus an enzyme. During the 35-d growth period there were no significant differences in body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) of quail between dietary treatments. The use of oregano essential oil plus cinnamon essential oil or mannanoligosaccharide without the enzyme complex in the quail diets decreased plasma total cholesterol level compared to the control diet. The dietary supplementation of AGP, oregano essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, oregano essential oil plus cinnamon essential oil without the enzyme complex decreased plasma triglyceride levels compared with the control diet. When oregano essential oil, cinnamon essential oil, oregano oil plus cinnamon oil, a probiotic or a mannanoligosaccharide with an enzyme complex were used in a wheat based quail diet, the intestinal viscosity was significantly decreased compared to the control diet. Although the use of essential oils in combination with the enzyme complex, a probiotic and a mannanoligosaccharide with or without the enzyme complex in the wheat based diet significantly reduced the intestinal viscosity compared to the control diet, these treatments negatively decreased plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride.
1. This study investigates the slaughter, carcass and meat quality traits of artificially and naturally hatched geese in intensive and free-range production systems.
2. The study was conducted with ...114 naturally hatched and 102 artificially hatched geese. From each replicate of the intensive and free-range systems, one female and one male goose were slaughtered at the ages of 14, 16 and 18 weeks (a total of 32 geese per slaughter week).
3. Artificially hatched geese had higher slaughter weights (5280 vs. 4404 g), carcass weights (3520 vs. 2863), dressing percentages (66.6-65.2% vs. 65.0-63.6%) and carcass part, feather and edible inner organ weights. The ratio of both edible inner organs and abdominal fat was higher in naturally hatched geese. Breast meat L*, a* and pH values and thigh meat dry matter values were higher in artificially hatched geese, whereas thigh meat b* and pH values were higher in naturally hatched geese.
4. Intensively reared geese had higher slaughter weights (4900 vs. 4783 g), carcass weights (3253 vs. 3130 g) and abdominal fat weights (280 vs. 250 g), as well as higher dressing percentages (66.3-64.9% vs. 65.3-63.9%). Breast meat b* and thigh meat L* values were higher in the intensive system, while breast and thigh pH values, dripping loss and cooking loss were higher in the free-range system. Water-holding capacity was higher in the intensive system.
5. In conclusion, artificially hatched, intensively reared geese had the highest slaughter weights; however, both artificially and naturally hatched geese raised in a free-range system reached acceptable slaughter weights and can thus be recommended for use with this type of production system.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of supervised physiotherapy supplemented with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for treating adhesive capsulitis.
Even though adhesive ...capsulitis is a common disorder, literature on its treatment is still limited.
Forty-five patients with adhesive capsulitis treated between 2004 and 2007 were reviewed retrospectively and 29 patients were enrolled in the study. All patients received a supervised physiotherapy program supplemented with NSAIDs. The outcome variables were determined as passive range of motion (ROM) values and intensity of shoulder pain. The clinical assessment was performed at the initial visit and immediately after physiotherapy. One to four years after the supervised physiotherapy, the resolved patients were reevaluated.
The mean age of patients was 55.4+/-9.2 years. Fifteen patients (51.7 %) were women and 14 (48.3 %) were men. The average length of supervised physiotherapy was 3.5+/-0.5 weeks. After physiotherapy, the shoulder flexion, abduction and external rotation significantly increased (p<0.001) compared with the initial values. Additionally, shoulder pain significantly decreased (p<0.001). In the follow-up, 25 (86.2 %) of 29 patients were resolved with physiotherapy, whereas 4 (13.8 %) patients required capsular release operation because of residual functional impairment. As to long-term results of patients resolved with physiotherapy, 45.4 % of cases were cured with less than a 10 % loss in total passive ROM of the shoulder, 22.7 % of cases with a total ROM loss between 10 and 20 %, 18.1 % of cases with a total ROM loss from 20 to 30 %, and lastly, 13.6% of cases with a total ROM loss up to 40 %.
Supervised physiotherapy supplemented with NSAIDs improves the ROM values in most of patients with adhesive capsulitis. A small percentage of patients may require operative treatment (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 23). Full Text in free PDF www.bmj.sk.
ABSTRACT Successful incubation affects the number of healthy chicks in all poultry species. This study examined the effect of eggshell thickness on the hatching rates of guinea fowl and pheasant ...eggs. In total, 964 guinea fowl and 1,728 pheasant eggs were used in the study. Eggshell thickness was measured directly with an ultrasound gauge. Thicknesses ranged between 0.27-0.47 mm in guinea fowl and 0.24-0.49 mm in pheasant eggs. Incubation periods were 28 days for guinea fowl and 25 days for pheasant eggs. At the end of the incubation period, unhatched eggs were broken to identify the causes of embryonic mortality. Eggs were classified as thin-, medium- and thick-shelled, and hatching rates were calculated as a function of eggshell thickness. Differences in hatching rates of guinea fowl and pheasant eggs with different shell thicknesses were not statistically significant (p>0.05).
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