High frequency direct shoot proliferation was induced in the shoot segments of three epiphytic orchids,
Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.,
Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fisch. and
Dendrobium moschatum ...(Buch-Ham) Sw. on Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) containing N
6-benzyladenine (BA) or thidiazuron (TDZ) with the latter being more effective at 2.2–4.5 μM. Shoots which developed on a TDZ containing medium elongated following transfer to a medium containing 2.2 μM BA and 10.8μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Concentrations of TDZ above the optimal level had an inhibitory effect on shoot regeneration. In both
Dendrobium species the number of shoot bud formation was greatly influenced by expiant orientation. Regenerated shoots were rooted on MS containing 10.8 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The plantlets were acclimated and eventually transferred to garden.
Activated sludge system based on pure oxygen has been developed to increase the biodegradation of wastewater. This system was used for the treatment of combined wastewater from the paint industry ...effluent and sewage. The results of continuous test showed that it is possible to achieve 87.8-93.6% COD, and 97.7-99.2% of BOD removal resulting in an effluent quality of 55-90mg/L of COD and less than 10.0mg/L of BOD. Dissolved oxygen content through out the tank showed a concentration, ranging between 3.26 and 3.9mg/L, indicating good oxygenation in the system. Excess sludge generated in the ASP was found to be 3.0kg/d and it has a good manurial value with NPK of 112, 68 and 32mg/L, respectively. Moreover the sludge showed very good settling character with a capillary suction time of 8.0 seconds.
The Schiff base 2-pyridine–carboxaldehyde 4-dimethylaminobenzoylhydrazone (HL,
1) was prepared by reacting 2-pyridine–carboxaldehyde and 4-dimethylaminobenzoylhydrazine in a 1:1 molar ratio in ...methanol. Reaction of HL (
1) with Cu(O
2CCH
3)
2·H
2O (in a 1:1 molar ratio) in methanol afforded a dinuclear copper(II) complex, Cu
2(μ-O
2CCH
3)
2L′
2·2H
2O (
2). The azomethine functionality (CHN) of
1 is converted to imidate (C(OMe)N) in the complexed ligand L′
−. Molecular structures of both
1 and
2 were determined by X-ray crystallographic studies. The dinuclear molecule of
2 is centrosymmetric and contains two monoatomic bridging acetate groups. Each copper(II) centre is in a square-pyramidal N
2O
3 coordination sphere. The ligand, L′
− coordinates the metal ion via the pyridine-N, the imidate-N, and the deprotonated amide-O atoms. One of the acetate oxygen atoms completes the N
2O
2 square-plane. The oxygen of the symmetry-related acetate fills the apical coordination site. Structural parameters are consistent with both copper ions being in a +2 oxidation state. The room temperature magnetic moment is 1.89 μ
B (per Cu). In powder phase the complex displays an axial EPR spectrum at 298 K. The complex is nonconducting in methanol solution. The electronic spectrum shows a ligand field absorption at 680 nm and charge transfer bands in the range 426–215 nm.
Studies on bench scale reactor were undertaken to determine its performance at various organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). The results indicated BOD and COD removals in the ...range of 67.2-77.4% and 57.8-69.1% respectively at the OLRs between 0.84 and 2.5 kgCOD/m
3
d and HRT of 10 days. Daily gas production was measured by gas flow meter. Daily gas production varied between 0.268 and 0.326 m
3
/kgCOD added at the different OLRs. Studies were also carried out at lower HRT of 5 days. But BOD/COD removals reduced and correspondingly gas production also reduced. Gas composition remained constant at both the HRT and the Methane content was around 65-68% while the CO
2
was around 32-35%. This paper discusses in detail the feasibility of upflow anaerobic fixed film fixed bed (UAFFFB) reactor system in treating the strong spent broth from the antibiotic industry.
In this paper we analyze the results of an extensive characterisation study involving scanning electron microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, Laser Raman spectroscopy, optical band gap, dark and ...photoconductivity measurements as a function of temperature and light intensity, current-voltage characteristics and capacitance versus frequency measurements on Schottky diodes of a-Si:H films, prepared in a UHV plasma CVD system at varying deposition rates upto ≈ 10.0 Å/s. We find that the values of imaginary part of the dielectric constant (
ϵ
2max), dark and photoconductivity, activation energy, conductivity pre-exponential factor, exponent Λ of photoconductivity decrease, whereas the values of diode quality factor n and density of defect states increase and the values of the width of TO-peak in Raman spectra, photosensitivity and optical band gap do not change significantly with the increasing rate of deposition. The less severe deterioration of opto-electronic properties observed in these films, even when grown at high rates in our plasma CVD reactors, is attributed to the effective control of secondary plasma reactions in the interelectrode space when kept very low (10–12 mm). Implications of obtaining high growth rate for i-layer, in a p-i-n solar cell structure, is discussed with the available results of modelling analysis.
Pharmaceutical factory wastewater (herbal nature) poses pollution problem due to its high COD and BOD. Moreover the characteristics of the wastewater depicts wide variation due to variation in the ...type of medicines manufactured and raw material utilization. Addition of solvents and oils as per the requirement also add to the pollution load. Because of this problems the conventional treatment units which employ activated sludge process (ASP) and trickling filter for the pharmaceutical factory (herbal) effluent treatment usually malfunctions. It was thus proposed to subject the wastewater to physico-chemical treatment, using different coagulants and coagulant aids. Commonly available coagulants like lime, alum, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and also polyelectrolyte were studied.
Results indicated that this wastewater is amenable to physico-chemical treatment, and can be applied both as a pretreatment technology or as a polishing treatment. Lime: Alum: Polyelectrolyte resulted in good and most economical removals of SS, COD and BOD of 69.75%, 82.51% and 86.72%, respectively, at a dose of 300 : 100 : 0.1 mg/l, respectively.
The paper discusses in detail the results obtained with other coagulants and their comparative efficiency.
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