A
bstract
We present the complete cross-section for the production of unpolarized hadrons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering up to power-suppressed
O
1
/
Q
2
terms in the ...Wandzura-Wilczek-type approximation, which consists in systematically assuming that
q
¯
g
q
-terms are much smaller than
q
¯
q
-correlators. We compute all twist-2 and twist-3 structure functions and the corresponding asymmetries, and discuss the applicability of the Wandzura-Wilczek-type approximations on the basis of available data. We make predictions that can be tested by data from COMPASS, HERMES, Jefferson Lab, and the future Electron-Ion Collider. The results of this paper can be readily used for phenomenology and for event generators, and will help to improve the description of semi-inclusive deep-inelastic processes in terms of transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions and fragmentation functions beyond the leading twist.
Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic associations with the roots of most land plants and provide them with mineral nutrients from the soil in exchange for fixed carbon derived from photosynthesis. The ...common symbiosis pathway (CSP) is a conserved molecular signaling pathway in all plants capable of associating with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. It is required not only for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis but also for rhizobia-legume and actinorhizal symbioses. Given its role in such diverse symbiotic associations, we hypothesized that the CSP also plays a role in ectomycorrhizal associations. We showed that the ectomycorrhizal fungus
produces an array of lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) that can trigger both root hair branching in legumes and, most importantly, calcium spiking in the host plant
in a
-dependent manner. Nonsulfated LCOs enhanced lateral root development in
in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (
)-dependent manner, and sulfated LCOs enhanced the colonization of
by
Compared with the wild-type
, the colonization of
/
and
RNA interference lines by
was reduced. Our work demonstrates that similar to other root symbioses,
uses the CSP for the full establishment of its mutualistic association with
.
A measurement of beam-helicity asymmetries for single-hadron production in deep-inelastic scattering is presented. Data from the scattering of 27.6 GeV electrons and positrons off gaseous hydrogen ...and deuterium targets were collected by the HERMES experiment. The asymmetries are presented separately as a function of the Bjorken scaling variable, the hadron transverse momentum, and the fractional energy for charged pions and kaons as well as for protons and anti-protons. These asymmetries are also presented as a function of the three aforementioned kinematic variables simultaneously.
Measurements of the production of forward jets from transversely polarized proton collisions at s=500 GeV conducted at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are reported. Our measured jet cross ...section is consistent with hard scattering expectations. Our measured analyzing power for forward jet production is small and positive, and provides constraints on the Sivers functions that are related to partonic orbital angular momentum through theoretical models.
The reasons for the development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma in Barrett's mucosa are not well understood. The aims of this study were to characterize risk factors for the transition from Barrett's ...esophagus without dysplasia to Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma.
A group of 131 patients with high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma were selected as case subjects. A first population of 2170 patients without gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and a second population of 1189 patients with Barrett's esophagus served as two control groups. Logistic regression analyses were used to compare the risk factors associated with the occurrence of high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Patients with high-grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma shared many characteristics with other forms of severe GERD, such as older age, male gender, and white ethnicity. The length of Barrett's esophagus and the size of hiatus hernia increased the risk for both conditions. Subjects with high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma had more severe acid reflux than patients with other forms of GERD. Smoking and alcohol consumption did not affect the risk for developing high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma in patients with Barrett's esophagus.
High-grade dysplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma seem to stem from an extreme and unfavorable constellation of all risk factors that are generally held responsible for the development of GERD and Barrett's esophagus.
Background & Aims: Surgical resection of the esophagus is frequently recommended for Barrett's highgrade dysplasia (HGD) without cancer. Methods: During a 20-year period, patients were diagnosed and ...observed through an organized surveillance program at the Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital. The program was supported by Hines VA and organized and managed by 2 endoscopists using preestablished endoscopic criteria. Results: Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed in 1099 patients, and 36,251 esophageal mucosal specimens were reviewed. Seventy-nine of 1099 patients (7.2%) initially had HGD (34 prevalent) or subsequently developed HGD (45 incident) without evidence of cancer. Of the 75 HGD patients who remained without detectable cancer after the 1 year of intensive searching, 12 developed cancer (16%) during a mean 7.3-year surveillance period: 11 of the 12 who were compliant were considered cured with surgical or ablation therapy. Cancer did not develop in the remaining 63 HGD patients during the surveillance period. Conclusions: HGD without cancer in Barrett's esophagus follows a relatively benign course in the majority of patients. In the patients who eventually progress to cancer during regular surveillance, surgical resection is curative. Surveillance endoscopies with biopsy is a valid and safe follow-up strategy for Barrett's patients who have HGD without cancer.
Summary
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 (GT4) is genetically diverse with 17 confirmed and 4 provisional subtypes. In this report, HCV GT4‐infected patient samples from Phase 2/3 clinical studies ...were analysed to characterize global demographics and genetic diversity of GT4 infection among patients treated with ombitasvir (OBV, NS5A inhibitor) plus paritaprevir/r (NS3/4A inhibitor codosed with ritonavir). Among 17 subtypes isolated from GT4‐infected patients in the PEARL‐I and AGATE‐I studies, subtype prevalence by country of enrolment and country of origin suggested that subtypes 4a and 4d were likely circulating in Europe, while heterogeneous GT4 subtypes and a portion of GT4a detected in European and North American countries were likely due to immigration of HCV‐infected patients from Africa. The distributions of birth cohort and race were also significantly different across GT4 subtypes 4a, 4d, and non‐4a/4d. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of NS5A sequences revealed clustering within subtype 4a which segregated by the patient‐reported country of origin and the presence of the L30R/S polymorphism. HCV NS5A sequences derived from GT4a‐infected patients who originated from Europe and the United States clustered separately from sequences derived from patients who originated from Egypt, suggesting that genetically distinct strains of subtype 4a may be circulating globally. Finally, NS5A baseline polymorphisms were frequently detected at amino acid positions of interest for the inhibitor‐class and OBV retained activity against 37 of 39 NS5A GT4 clinical isolates, with no impact on treatment outcome in the PEARL‐I and AGATE‐I studies.
Fecal occult-blood testing and sigmoidoscopy have been recommended for screening for colorectal cancer, but the sensitivity of such combined testing for detecting neoplasia is uncertain. At 13 ...Veterans Affairs medical centers, we performed colonoscopy to determine the prevalence of neoplasia and the sensitivity of one-time screening with a fecal occult-blood test plus sigmoidoscopy.
Asymptomatic subjects (age range, 50 to 75 years) provided stool specimens on cards from three consecutive days for fecal occult-blood testing, which were rehydrated for interpretation. They then underwent colonoscopy. Sigmoidoscopy was defined in this study as examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon during colonoscopy, and sensitivity was estimated by determining how many patients with advanced neoplasia had an adenoma in the rectum or sigmoid colon. Advanced colonic neoplasia was defined as an adenoma 10 mm or more in diameter, a villous adenoma, an adenoma with high-grade dysplasia, or invasive cancer. Classification of subjects according to the findings was based on the most advanced lesion.
A total of 2885 subjects returned the three specimen cards for fecal occult-blood testing and underwent a complete colonoscopic examination. A total of 23.9 percent of subjects with advanced neoplasia had a positive test for fecal occult blood. As compared with subjects who had a negative test for fecal occult blood, the relative risk of advanced neoplasia in subjects who had a positive test was 3.47 (95 percent confidence interval, 2.76 to 4.35). Sigmoidoscopy identified 70.3 percent of all subjects with advanced neoplasia. Combined one-time screening with a fecal occult-blood test and sigmoidoscopy identified 75.8 percent of subjects with advanced neoplasia.
One-time screening with both a fecal occult-blood test with rehydration and sigmoidoscopy fails to detect advanced colonic neoplasia in 24 percent of subjects with the condition.
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