Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a widely established method in the architecture, engineering, construction, and facilities management (AEC/FM) industry. Although BIM focuses on processes ...throughout the lifecycle of the built environment, the applications in the planning phase, e.g. the generation of construction site layouts, have not reached their full potential yet. One important example herein is the allocation and dimensioning of resources (e.g., building materials and equipment) which is typically carried out by humans according to clearly defined rules and best practices. This paper presents model-based rule checking for the planning of construction site layouts. We demonstrate that existing Business Rule Management Systems (BRMS), such as the open-source rule engine Drools, can be used. We combine Drools with the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) to retrieve data from a building information model and use the information within the rule engine. We define general model requirements and implement a sample set of prototype rules. We also introduce the concept of offset geometry for rules that, for example, demand a known safety distance between temporary construction site elements. The developed approaches are explained and evaluated in field-realistic, practical case studies. Finally, we present a discussion how the application of the developed rule-based system may assist human decision making in tasks such as safe construction sites layout planning.
•BIM methods currently do not include tools for construction site layout planning.•A background review presents existing manual techniques and their shortcomings.•The process of digitalizing the construction site layout planning process is explained.•Applications of rule checking in planning temporary construction objects are shown.•An outlook presents strategies for implementation in construction projects.
Bei Building Information Modeling (BIM) findet der Baugrund eine zunehmende Beachtung. Der Sachverständige für Geotechnik hat das Fachmodell Baugrund zu erstellen, welches neben der geometrischen ...Abbildung der Baugrundschichten auch die Informationen aus dem Geotechnischen Bericht enthalten muss. Neben der Schwierigkeit, dass der Auftraggeber derzeit häufig keine klaren Vorgaben zu den Informationsinhalten und Strukturierungen des Fachmodells Baugrund macht, sind Einschränkungen bei der Modellierung auch von der verwendeten Softwareapplikation gegeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die Erstellung des Fachmodells Baugrund mit vier auf dem Markt verbreiteten Softwareapplikationen anhand eines fiktiven Testprojekts. Die dabei festgestellten Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Modellierungsaufwands, der für die Modellierung nutzbaren Funktionalitäten und der anschließenden sinnvollen Nutzbarkeit des Modells in einem BIM‐Gesamtmodell sowie weitere allgemeinere Aspekte wie Serviceangebote, Einarbeitungshilfen und Interaktionsmöglichkeiten mit anderen Softwareapplikationen sind gegenübergestellt und beschrieben. Anhand eines Baugrundschnitts werden die prinzipiellen Unterschiede der geometrischen Modellierungsergebnisse gezeigt. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erfahrungen werden zuletzt einige erforderliche Entwicklungsschritte der Softwareapplikationen aufgeführt.
Abstract
Bei Building Information Modeling (BIM) findet der Baugrund eine zunehmende Beachtung. Der Sachverständige für Geotechnik hat das Fachmodell Baugrund zu erstellen, welches neben der ...geometrischen Abbildung der Baugrundschichten auch die Informationen aus dem Geotechnischen Bericht enthalten muss. Neben der Schwierigkeit, dass der Auftraggeber derzeit häufig keine klaren Vorgaben zu den Informationsinhalten und Strukturierungen des Fachmodells Baugrund macht, sind Einschränkungen bei der Modellierung auch von der verwendeten Softwareapplikation gegeben. Der vorliegende Beitrag vergleicht die Erstellung des Fachmodells Baugrund mit vier auf dem Markt verbreiteten Softwareapplikationen anhand eines fiktiven Testprojekts. Die dabei festgestellten Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Modellierungsaufwands, der für die Modellierung nutzbaren Funktionalitäten und der anschließenden sinnvollen Nutzbarkeit des Modells in einem BIM‐Gesamtmodell sowie weitere allgemeinere Aspekte wie Serviceangebote, Einarbeitungshilfen und Interaktionsmöglichkeiten mit anderen Softwareapplikationen sind gegenübergestellt und beschrieben. Anhand eines Baugrundschnitts werden die prinzipiellen Unterschiede der geometrischen Modellierungsergebnisse gezeigt. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Erfahrungen werden zuletzt einige erforderliche Entwicklungsschritte der Softwareapplikationen aufgeführt.
Translation abstract
Comparison of software applications for the construction of the special model subsoil
In the context of Building Information Modeling (BIM), the subsurface is receiving increasing attention. The so‐called special model subsoil, which has to be constructed by a geotechnical ex‐pert, must contain not only the geometrical representation of the relevant soil layers, but also the associated data of the accompanying geotechnical report. In addition to the difficulty of more often than not insufficient specifications regarding information depth and structure by the client, limitations can arise from the software application used for modelling. This work provides a comparison of the construction process of the special model subsoil for a fictional test project using four different and well‐established software applications. The differences found regarding the effort required to obtain a working model, the modelling functionalities and the usefulness of the final special model subsoil as part of the parent BIM‐model are presented. Furthermore, more general aspects such as the level of software support, training materials and integration with other software applications are described and compared. The key differences in the geometrical modelling results are compared using cross‐sections. Based on the experienced gained by this comparison, areas are identified where current software applications are lacking and further development is required.
Intestinal absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake, but how cholesterol ...moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. We show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for nonvesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes. Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate PM cholesterol and show endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol depletion. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small-molecule inhibitor to manipulate cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption.
Drugs that recapitulate aspects of the exercise adaptive response have the potential to provide better treatment for diseases associated with physical inactivity. We previously observed reduced ...skeletal muscle class IIa HDAC (histone deacetylase) transcriptional repressive activity during exercise. Here, we find that exercise-like adaptations are induced by skeletal muscle expression of class IIa HDAC mutants that cannot form a corepressor complex. Adaptations include increased metabolic gene expression, mitochondrial capacity, and lipid oxidation. An existing HDAC inhibitor, Scriptaid, had similar phenotypic effects through disruption of the class IIa HDAC corepressor complex. Acute Scriptaid administration to mice increased the expression of metabolic genes, which required an intact class IIa HDAC corepressor complex. Chronic Scriptaid administration increased exercise capacity, whole-body energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, and reduced fasting blood lipids and glucose. Therefore, compounds that disrupt class IIa HDAC function could be used to enhance metabolic health in chronic diseases driven by physical inactivity.
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•HDAC4/5 active-site mutants increase exercise-responsive genes and metabolism•Scriptaid is a compound with similar phenotypic effects in vitro•Acute Scriptaid administration in mice increases exercise-responsive genes•Chronic Scriptaid administration reduces blood glucose and lipids in mice
Physical inactivity is a major cause of chronic diseases. Drugs that mimic aspects of exercise could therefore reduce chronic disease burden. Gaur et al. identify and validate the class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) as drug targets to replicate aspects of the exercise adaptive response.
To investigate the incidence and risk factors associated with artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) and male urethral sling placement (MUS), revision, and removal.
We identified CPT codes of patients ...undergoing AUS and sling placement, revision, and removal in the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database. Bivariate analysis was used to compare preoperative parameters against adverse events of interest (Length of stay (LOS) >1, readmission, reoperation, other postoperative complications, and death). Variables that were significant or neared significance (P <.1) in the univariate analysis were entered into multivariable logistic regression models. Multivariable models were used to estimate the probability of adverse events.
About 2792 patients underwent surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence in the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database from 2008 to 2016. Increased length of stay was the most common adverse event (12.7%), followed by other postoperative complications (4.9%), readmission (4%), reoperation (2.3%), and death (0.3%). We noted an association between perioperative adverse events and preoperative hypoalbuminemia. Patients with preoperative hypoalbuminemia compared with patients with normal preoperative serum albumin had an increase predicted probability of LOS >1 day (42% vs 10%), readmission (10% vs 4%), reoperation (6% vs 2%), other postoperative complications (18% vs 4%) after adjusting for other factors.
Surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence is well tolerated with acceptable levels of perioperative adverse events. Low serum albumin (<3.5 ng/dL) was associated with perioperative adverse events. These data may affect preoperative decision making and direct future quality improve efforts at the highest risk patients to help minimize perioperative morbidity and mortality.
In the context of the emergent Software-Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm, the attention is mostly directed to the evolution of control protocols and networking functionalities. However, network ...professionals also need the right tools to reach the same level—and beyond—of monitoring and control they have in traditional networks. Current SDN tools are developed on an ad hoc basis, for specific SDN frameworks, while production environments demand standard platforms and easy integration. This survey aims to foster the definition of the next generation SDN management framework by providing the readers a thorough overview of existing SDN tools and main research directions.
A 23-year-old man and his grandmother with hyperthyroxinemia and hypercortisolemia were heterozygous for an
ALB
mutation (p. Arg218Pro), known to cause familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia ...(FDH). However, serum-free cortisol levels in these individuals were normal and total cortisol concentrations fell markedly after depletion of albumin from their serum. We conclude that binding of steroid as well as iodothyronines to mutant albumin causes raised circulating cortisol as well as thyroid hormones in euthyroid euadrenal individuals with R218P FDH, with potential for misdiagnosis, unnecessary investigation, and inappropriate treatment.
Lateral humeral condyle fractures account for 12% to 20% of all distal humerus fractures in the pediatric population. When surgery is indicated, fixation may be achieved with either Kirschner-wires ...or screws. The literature comparing the outcomes of these 2 different fixation methods is currently limited. The purpose of this study is to compare both the complication and union rates of these 2 forms of operative treatment in a multicenter cohort of children with lateral humeral condyle fractures.
This retrospective study was performed across 6 different institutions. Data were retrospectively collected preoperatively and 6 weeks, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on the type of initial treatment: K-wire fixation and screw fixation. Statistical comparisons between these 2 cohorts were performed with an alpha of 0.05.
There were 762 patients included in this study, 72.6% (n=553) of which were treated with K-wire fixation. The mean duration of immobilization was 5 weeks in both cohorts, and most patients in this study demonstrated radiographic healing by 11 weeks postoperatively, regardless of treatment method. Similar reoperation rates were seen among those treated with K-wires and screws (5.6% vs. 4.3%, P =0.473). Elbow stiffness requiring further intervention with physical therapy was significantly more common in those treated with K-wires compared with children treated with screws (21.2% vs. 13.9%, P =0.023) as was superficial skin infection (3.8% vs. 0%, P =0.002), but there was no significant difference in nonunion rates between the two groups (2.4% vs. 1.3%, P =1.000).
We found similar success rates between K-wire and screw fixation in this patient population. Contrary to previous studies, we did not find evidence that treatment with screw fixation decreases the likelihood of experiencing nonunion. However, given the unique complications associated with K-wire fixation, such as elbow stiffness and superficial skin infection, the treatment with screw fixation remains a reasonable alternative to K-wire fixation in these patients.
Level III-retrospective comparative study.
We performed a genome‐wide association study in 1,194 controls and 150 patients with anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (anti‐NMDAR, n = 96) or anti‐leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated1 (anti‐LGI1, n = ...54) autoimmune encephalitis. Anti‐LGI1 encephalitis was highly associated with 27 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA‐II region (leading SNP rs2858870 p = 1.22 × 10−17, OR = 13.66 7.50–24.87). Potential associations, below genome‐wide significance, were found with rs72961463 close to the doublecortin‐like kinase 2 gene (DCLK2) and rs62110161 in a cluster of zinc‐finger genes. HLA allele imputation identified association of anti‐LGI1 encephalitis with HLA‐II haplotypes encompassing DRB1*07:01, DQA1*02:01 and DQB1*02:02 (p < 2.2 × 10−16) and anti‐NMDAR encephalitis with HLA‐I allele B*07:02 (p = 0.039). No shared genetic risk factors between encephalitides were identified. Ann Neurol 2018;83:863–869
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