Contents
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxidizing agents. Cells, under aerobic conditions, have a defence system against ROS, and in normal circumstances, there is an appropriate ...balance between pro‐oxidants and antioxidants. When an overproduction of ROS develops or the body fails to eliminate ROS in excess, oxidative stress arises, during which ROS accumulate and damage cells and tissues. Besides their noxious effects, accumulating data have shown that controlled and adequate ROS concentrations exert physiologic functions. Different studies have confirmed the presence of ROS and the transcripts of the various antioxidant enzymes in the female reproductive tract. When ROS production overwhelms antioxidant defences, oxidative stress occurs, which may deeply threaten the anatomical and functional integrity of the genital tract. This review addresses the main physiological and pathological roles exerted by ROS and their scavenging systems in several processes involved in the main physiological functions of the female reproductive tract of both women and domestic animals. Particularly, the involvement of the oxidant system in several reproductive processes is investigated, such as follicular development, ovarian steroidogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and function, luteolysis, germ cell function, maintenance of pregnancy and beginning of parturition.
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a thiol-containing essential amino acid, important for the growth of cells and tissues. Several hypotheses exist regarding Hcy toxicity in humans; Hcy is involved in protein ...structural modifications, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity induction and is therefore associated with several pathological conditions in humans. In veterinary science, knowledge regarding Hcy has increased recently due to several studies; however, many aspects remain undiscovered. Many details remain unknown regarding the effect of Hcy levels on pregnancy and the optimal management of pathological conditions associated with Hcy levels during pregnancy in various species. In this review, we aimed to compile various studies on Hcy metabolism to elucidate its current status in the veterinary field, particularly for ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, canine, and feline species.
•We aimed to compile studies on Homocysteine metabolism in veterinary field.•Homocysteine is an essential amino acid important for the growth of cells and tissues.•Homocysteine is associated with obstetric-gynaecological pathologies.•We elucidated the situation in ovine, bovine, equine, porcine, canine and feline species.
Ozone therapy in veterinary medicine: A review Sciorsci, R.L.; Lillo, E.; Occhiogrosso, L. ...
Research in veterinary science,
June 2020, 2020-Jun, 2020-06-00, 20200601, Letnik:
130
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Ozone (O3) is a triatomic form of oxygen. As O3 rapidly dissociates into water and releases a reactive form of oxygen that may oxidize cells, the gas mixture of O3/O2 is used in medicine. ATP is ...widely available for cellular activity. O3 can be administered via the systemic and local routes. Although O3 is known as one of the most powerful oxidants, it also promotes antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, it stimulates some of the cells of the immune system and inactivates pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, yeasts, protozoa, and viruses. Owing to these activities, O3 is used to improve several diseases, both in human and in veterinary medicine. Considering the wide scope of O3 application, the aim of this review was to reiterate the mechanisms of action of O3 and its utilization in different mammalian species (bovine, ovine-caprine, equine, canine, porcine).
•Ozone (O3) is a triatomic form of oxygen normally present in athmosphere.•O3 is widely used in human and veterinary medicine through several pharmaceutical forms.•O3 has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-stimulant and microbicidal effect.•This review focuses on O3 mechanisms of action and on its main application in Veterinary Medicine.
Angiogenesis and signaling through the RAS/RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK cascade have been reported to play important roles in the ...development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Sorafenib (Nexavar), a novel bi-aryl urea BAY 43-9006, is an orally administered multikinase inhibitor with activity against RAS/RAF kinases multikinase inhibitor with activity against RAF kinases and several receptor tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), FLT3, Ret, and c-Kit. It is involved in angiogenic pathway and cell proliferation. Sorafenib has demonstrated potent anti-tumor activity in in vitro studies, preclinical xenograft models of different tumor types and human clinical trials. This review summarizes the history of sorafenib from its discovery by the medicinal chemistry approach through to clinical development and ongoing trials on the combination between sorafenib and trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC patients.
This in vitro study investigated the modulatory effect of rifaximin on bovine uterus contractility, in both phases of the oestrous cycle, with and without the steroid hormones that are predominant in ...the respective phases: oestrogen in the follicular phase and progesterone in the luteal phase. The procedures were conducted in an isolated organ bath by using rifaximin alone (10−4 M) and in association with the steroid hormone antagonists (10−5 M) tamoxifen (oestrogen antagonist) in the follicular phase and mifepristone (progesterone antagonist) in the luteal phase. The results indicated that rifaximin can stimulate uterine contractility. Indeed, the administration of rifaximin in the presence of tamoxifen or mifepristone increased the tonic activity of the uterus in both phases of the cycle. This result is clinically significant because rifaximin might also enable, in vivo, a simultaneous increase in uterine cleaning and the antimicrobial action against bacteria during the first 14 days postpartum, during the development of acute metritis.
•We identified the effect of rifaximin on bovine uteri in both phases of cycle.•We tested rifaximin in association with tamoxifen, oestrogen antagonist.•We tested rifaximin in association with mifepristone, progesterone antagonist.•Rifaximin in the presence of hormone antagonists increased uterus activity.•Rifaximin might represent an optimal therapy for the treatment of acute metritis in cattle.
Oxidative Stress in Neonatology. A Review Mutinati, M; Pantaleo, M; Roncetti, M ...
Reproduction in domestic animals,
February 2014, Letnik:
49, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Contents
Free radicals are highly reactive oxidizing agents containing one or more unpaired electrons. Both in human and veterinary neonathology, it is generally accepted that oxidative stress ...functions as an important catalysator of neonatal disease. Soon after birth, many sudden physiological and environmental conditions make the newborn vulnerable for the negative effects of oxidative stress, which potentially can impair neonatal vitality. As a clinician, it is important to have in depth knowledge about factors affecting maternal/neonatal oxidative status and the cascades of events that enrol when the neonate is subjected to oxidative stress. This report aims at providing clinicians with an up‐to‐date review about oxidative stress in neonates across animal species. It will be emphasized which handlings and treatments that are applied during neonatal care or resuscitation can actually impose oxidative stress upon the neonate. Views and opinions about maternal and/or neonatal antioxydative therapy will be shared.
The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of scopolamine butylbromide (Spasmolax®) on xylazine-sensitized bovine pregnant uterine strips, at different stages of ...pregnancy. The procedures were carried out in isolated organ bath. Uterine motility, expressed with amplitude, frequency of contractions as well as the area under the curve, was recorded in different stages of pregnancy and data were collected at 5-min intervals starting 5 min before treatment until 10 min after treatment (5-min after xylazine administration and 5-min after scopolamine butylbromide addition). The results suggest that scopolamine butylbromide might decrease the tonic effect induced by xylazine on bovine pregnant uteri from 0-30 days to 240–270 days.
•We identified the effect of xylazine on bovine uteri in various gestational stage.•We identified the effect of scopolamine on xylazine-evoked contractility.•We showed that xylazine enhances contractility mostly at 30–60 days.•We showed that scopolamine decreases xylazine-evoked contractility in pregnant cows.•We speculate that scopolamine decreases the risk of abortions xylazine-evocated.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of scopolamine (a parasympatholytic drug) immediately after delivery, on uterine involution in dairy cows. The cows were ...divided into two groups: group T (treated with scopolamine butylbromide 40 mg/100 kg P.V., within 24 h of delivery) and group C (treated with 2 ml/q of saline solution). The cows were monitored at T0, within 24 h of delivery, T7, T14, T28 and T40 respectively 7th, 14th, 28th and 40th day postpartum, by measuring the levels of hydroxyproline (HYP), an important marker of uterine involution; by ultrasound examination for the measurement of the diameter of uterine horns and of blood flow in the middle uterine artery; and by evaluation of reproductive indices. HYP showed higher concentrations in the T group than in the C group at all times, but the difference was significant at T7 and T40. Uterine diameters were reduced from T7 to T40, with lower values in the T group, as compared to the C group; the pulsatility index (PI) of the middle uterine artery increased in the T group compared to the C group, with a statistically significant difference at T7. There was a better conception-delivery interval and higher pregnancy rate in the T group compared to the C group. It is likely that scopolamine blocked the uterine contractions in postpartum, for the duration of its half-life. After cessation of its pharmacological effect, the uterus may have started to contract more effectively. These results suggested that scopolamine could be useful as a pharmacological approach to postpartum management.
•We evaluated the effect of scopolamine on uterine involution in dairy cows.•Postpartum scopolamine administration resulted in higher serum hydroxyproline concentrations.•Scopolamine affected the uterine vascularization and ameliorated the delivery-conception interval.•It is hypothesizable that the uterus may have started to contract more effectively.•These results suggested that scopolamine could be useful to postpartum management.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum glycoprotein with structural and physico-chemical properties similar to albumin. However, the exact physiological functions of AFP remain unknown; those known to ...date include markers to pathological conditions including neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, antioxidant effects, growth regulator in different cells and in cancer, immune response modulator, and carrier for fatty acids and oestrogens. This review aimed to present an overview of the different functions of AFP, particularly its role in the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus, because its ability to bind oestrogens prevents their passage to the brain, where they inhibit the surge centre development. AFP and anti-Mullerian hormone are known to be involved in the development of freemartins, or genetically female foetuses masculinised in the presence of a male co-twin.
•Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum glycoprotein similar to albumin.•The exact physiological functions of AFP remain unknown.•This review aimed to present an overview of the different functions of AFP.•AFP and anti-Mullerian hormone are known to be involved in the development of freemartins.
The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of xylazine on basal uterine contractility of bovine pregnant uterine strips and that of lidocaine on xylazine-sensitized ...bovine pregnant uterine strips, at different stages of pregnancy. Basal contractility was evaluated in an isolated organ bath and the functionality of the strips throughout the experiment was evaluated using a dose of carbachol (10−5M). Uterine motility, expressed with amplitude, frequency of contractions as well as the area under the curve, was recorded in different stages of pregnancy and data were collected at 15-min intervals (5-min before and 5-min after xylazine administration and 5-min after lidocaine addition on the plateau contraction induced by xylazine). Uterine motility increased in all the stages of pregnancy after xylazine addition and gradually decreased after treatment with lidocaine. These data suggest that lidocaine might decrease the tonic effect induced by xylazine on bovine pregnant uteri.
•We identified the effect of xylazine on bovine uteri in various gestational stage.•We identified the effect of lidocaine on xylazine-evoked contractility.•We showed that xylazine enhances contractility mostly at 30–60days.•We showed, that lidocaine decrease xylazine-evoked contractility in pregnant cows.
