Noise in the nervous system Faisal, A. Aldo; Selen, Luc P. J; Wolpert, Daniel M
Nature reviews. Neuroscience,
04/2008, Letnik:
9, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Noise--random disturbances of signals--poses a fundamental problem for information processing and affects all aspects of nervous-system function. However, the nature, amount and impact of noise in ...the nervous system have only recently been addressed in a quantitative manner. Experimental and computational methods have shown that multiple noise sources contribute to cellular and behavioural trial-to-trial variability. We review the sources of noise in the nervous system, from the molecular to the behavioural level, and show how noise contributes to trial-to-trial variability. We highlight how noise affects neuronal networks and the principles the nervous system applies to counter detrimental effects of noise, and briefly discuss noise's potential benefits.
Nuovo Cim.A109:885-894,1996 The most recent experimental measurements of the weak mixing angle $V_{ub}$
are summarized. Inclusive and exclusive analysis techniques are described,
including a new ...exclusive analysis by the CLEO collaboration measuring the
$B\rightarrow \pi\ell\nu$ branching ratio. Future prospects are discussed.
Phys. Rev. D 89, 072002 (2014) Utilizing the full CLEO-c data sample of 818 pb$^{-1}$ of $e^+e^-$ data taken
at the $\psi(3770)$ resonance, we update our measurements of absolute hadronic
branching ...fractions of charged and neutral $D$ mesons. We previously
reportedresults from subsets of these data. Using a double tag technique we
obtain branching fractions for three $D^0$ and six $D^+$ modes, including the
reference branching fractions $\mathcal{B} (D^0\to K^-\pi^+)=(3.934 \pm 0.021
\pm 0.061)\%$ and $\mathcal{B} (D^+ \to K^- \pi^+\pi^+)=(9.224 \pm 0.059 \pm
0.157)\%$. The uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. In
these measurements we include the effects of final-state radiation by allowing
for additional unobserved photons in the final state, and the systematic errors
include our estimates of the uncertainties of these effects. Furthermore, using
an independent measurement of the luminosity, we obtain the cross sections
$\sigma(e^+e^-\to D^0\overline{D}{}^0)=(3.607\pm 0.017 \pm 0.056) \
\mathrm{nb}$ and $\sigma(e^+e^-\to D^+D^-)=(2.882\pm 0.018 \pm 0.042) \
\mathrm{nb}$ at a center of mass energy, $E_\mathrm{cm} = 3774 \pm 1$ MeV.
The most recent experimental measurements of the weak mixing angle \(V_{ub}\) are summarized. Inclusive and exclusive analysis techniques are described, including a new exclusive analysis by the CLEO ...collaboration measuring the \(B\rightarrow \pi\ell\nu\) branching ratio. Future prospects are discussed.
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