The Postmortem Interval (PMI) is the time from the death of an animal to its discovery. From a veterinary forensic standpoint, an accurate estimation of the PMI is of particular importance, ...especially with the observed increase in deaths of domestic and wild animals. A preliminary study was conducted using the eyes of domestic pigs. A biochemical analysis was conducted on the vitreous humor of the eye, whilst a histological analysis was conducted on the retina. The eyes were stored at +4 °C and changes were assessed at time intervals of 0, 12, 24, 48, and 120 h. The biochemical analysis during the PMI established a decrease in sodium, chlorine, and glucose concentrations, and a rise in potassium concentration. Accordingly, a simple linear regression showed a significant correlation between changes in concentrations of sodium (Na
), potassium (K
), chloride (Cl
), and glucose, in relation to the PMI. The histological analysis showed evident morphological changes in the retina, which included homogenization of the rod and cone cells, pyknosis of the outer nuclear layer, homogenization of the outer plexiform layer, pyknosis of the inner nuclear layer, homogenization of the inner plexiform layer, and pyknosis of the nuclei of the ganglion layer of the retina.
During the armed conflict in Colombia, homemade improvised antipersonnel landmines were used to neutralize the adversary. Many active artifacts remain buried, causing damage to biodiversity by ...exploding. The extensive literature describes the effects and injuries caused to humans by conventional landmines. However, there is considerably less information on the behavior and effects of homemade antipersonnel landmines on fauna and good field investigation practices. Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of a controlled explosion of a homemade antipersonnel landmine (using ammonium nitrate as an explosive substance), to compare the effectiveness of some evidence search patterns used in forensic investigation, and to determine the effects on a piece of an animal carcass. The explosion generated a shock wave and an exothermic reaction, generating physical effects on the ground and surrounding structures near the point of explosion. The amputation of the foot in direct contact with the device during the explosion and multiple fractures were the main effects on the animal carcass. Finally, it was determined that finding evidence was more effective in a smaller search area. Many factors can influence the results, which must be weighed when interpreting the results, as discussed in this manuscript.
For many years, the conflict between humans and wolves has persisted due to the death of livestock attributed to the attack of these animals and dogs, causing high economic costs to owners and ...governments. To remedy this problem, differential compensation programs have been established for the affected owners, depending on the attacker. Obtaining these benefits requires evidence to demonstrate the veracity of the complaint. Reliable approaches are needed nowadays to detect the predator, beyond any reasonable doubt. Although the analysis of teeth marks on bones has been used to differentiate carnivores, especially for archaeological purposes, its interpretation for forensic purposes is still ambiguous, due to the high range of factors that can influence tooth mark patterns, and it has scarcely been considered in previous work. This study analyzed and compared the tooth marks caused by captive Iberian wolves and by a group of domestic hunting dogs (rehala) on fresh, and disarticulated (isolated) bovine scapulae, for taxonomic differentiation purposes. Wolves showed a higher rate of modification throughout the study and, although tooth marks caused by wolves tend to be larger and wider than those caused by dogs, in most cases it was possible to find overlap between the two subspecies. Bone modifications are conditioned by a number of factors intrinsic to the scavenger or predator species, and intrinsic to the aggressor and the environment, that must be considered during the interpretation of tooth marks found on bones at a crime scene. Along with the comprehensive analysis of all evidence, the analysis of new variables of tooth marks on bones, using novel image processing methodologies and statistical analysis, has shown high potential to identify the morphological and/or morphometric variables that allow taxonomic differentiation
•Iberian wolf and domestic dog can be differentiated by their bone bite mark patterns.•The forensic analysis of bite marks of both canids must be interdisciplinary.•The bite marks patterns of both canids have a multifactorial origin.
Determining the levels of biogenic amines in cheese except that it has significance for determining the nutritional value and hygienic accuracy, cheese as food can be used as a parameter to evaluate ...the conditions of production and/or ripening of products, and particularly in the selection of bacterial cultures. The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of the ripening process on the amount of biogenic amines in cheese. For this purpose were conducted physico-chemical analysis, determination of biogenic amines and microbiological analysis. During the process of ripening Livno cheese from three different batches was taken one cheese from prime day and 9th, 20th, 29th, 50th, 60th and 105th day. From each cheese two samples were taken, one from the middle and one from the cheese rind. During 105th day of ripening Livno cheese, the presence of triptamin, ß-feniletlamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine were determinated. The maximum total values of searched biogenic amines were found 105th day, in the middle 184.13 mg/kg and 76.26 mg/kg in the rind of cheese. With an indication that the largest share of value rep¬resent histamine with 43.9 % and tyramine with 38.2 % in the middle, respectively histamine with 31.6 % and tyramine with 31.5 % in the rind of cheese. The values of putrescine and spermine were in small ranges and they are not identified in all samples. The values of histamine and tyramine are almost a third more at 105th than 60th day. There was a significant difference between the middle and the rind of cheese in the values of biogenic amines. Correlation between biogenic amines and microorganisms has not been determined.
One of the current leading causes of death in pet cats is neoplasia. The scarcity of data on tumor prevalence in cats from south-eastern Europe led to this retrospective study which reports an ...abundant collection of tumors diagnosed in cats living in Croatia. Archived histopathology findings (diagnosis, cell origin, and biological behavior), and epidemiological data (breed, sex, age, and anatomical site of the tumor) of the cats diagnosed with at least one tumor were collected and statistically analyzed. For the research, 2338 archived feline samples, obtained from 2009-2019, have been reviewed. In 659 samples (28.1%) one or more tumors were diagnosed. Tumors have most often affected non-pedigree cats, cats between 7 and 15 years of age, and female cats. Most tumors showed malignant behavior (85.7%). The most frequent diagnoses were mammary adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Regarding origin, most samples were epithelial (46.9%), but mesenchymal (28.7%) and lymphoid tumors (17.0%) were also frequently found. Tumors most often occurred in the skin and subcutis, mammary gland (in females), digestive system, and hemolymphatic system (in males). Statistical analysis did not reveal breed, sex, and age predisposition, but female animals and non-pedigree cats were significantly more likely to develop malignant tumors. This detailed study gives insight into the most frequent tumors that occur in cats from Croatia, and the data reported here is likely applicable to other countries. This data will contribute to clinical veterinary oncology, as it presents the most extensive tumor index of cats in south-eastern Europe.
Circumanal gland (CG) tumors are common neoplasms of older dogs. Of these, only circumanal gland carcinomas show clear metastatic potential, and even so metastases seem to be uncommon. ...Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that facilitates the initial steps of metastasis, and to date it has not been systematically investigated in CG tumors. Insight into the occurrence of this process would be a valuable asset in understanding the biology of these tumors. To test the occurrence of EMT we used three immunohistochemical markers that alter their expression in this process, namely – E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Additionally, we used the Ki-67 marker of proliferation. The samples used consisted of 15 adenomas, 11 epitheliomas, 21 well-differentiated carcinomas, seven poorly differentiated carcinomas, and ten samples of normal CG. The results of N-cadherin were negative for all samples. E-cadherin was highly expressed in all groups, but was slightly lower in semi-malignant and malignant tumors; MMP-9 marking was generally very low, but significantly higher in semi-malignant or malignant tumors when compared to benign or non-neoplastic CG. The index of proliferation (Ki-67) was significantly higher for semi-malignant or malignant CG tumors when compared to benign CG tumors or normal CG. These results show that with an increase in the histologic malignancy of these tumors there is a slight drop in E-cadherin, a slight rise in MMP-9, and a significant increase in Ki-67. Therefore, these results suggest the possibility that EMT occurs within the malignant or even semi-malignant forms of CG tumors, but probably as a rare and late event. Further studies are needed to prove or disprove these statements.
Biogenic amines (BAs) are considered a potential microbiological toxicological hazard in aged cheese. Risk mitigation strategies include good hygiene practice measures, thermal treatment of milk and ...the use of competitive dairy cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of BAs—tryptamine, β-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine—in the core and rind of cheeses ripened by bacteria (n = 61) and by mold cultures (n = 8). The microbial communities were counted, and the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified, corresponding to the BA concentrations. The total BA content was highest in the core of semi-hard cheeses (353.98 mg/kg), followed by mold cheeses (248.99 mg/kg) and lowest in hard cheeses (157.38 mg/kg). The highest amount of BAs was present in the rind of cheeses with mold (240.52 mg/kg), followed by semi-hard (174.99 mg/kg) and hard cheeses (107.21 mg/kg). Tyramine was the most abundant BA, represented by 75.4% in mold cheeses, 41.3% in hard cheese and 35% of total BAs in semi-hard cheeses. Histamine was present above the defined European maximum level (ML) of 100 mg/kg in only two semi-hard and three hard cheeses. High amount of BAs (above 600 mg/kg) in cheeses, mainly tyramine, were associated with the presence of Enterococcus durans, while negligible BA concentrations were found in cheeses ripened with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus lactis or Lacticaseibacillus paracasei cultures. This study has shown that retailed cheese varieties produced with commercial bacterial or mold cultures have acceptable levels of biogenic amines with respect to consumers.
Njemačka riječ kurschmied (kur-liječenje, schmied-kovač) adekvatna je romanskoj riječi mareskalk -marh (konj) i gotske riječi skalk (sluga). Posebna vrsta kuršmida bili su vojni kuršmidi. Njihova ...djelatnost zamire početkom 19. stoljeća, a vojnih kuršmida u drugoj polovici 19. stoljeća, a u Austrougarskoj 20.-tih godina 20. stoljeća. Prvi pisani trag o kuršmidu kod nas potječe od Mladena II. Bribirskog iz 1314. g. kada je na njegovu dvoru privremeno boravio mareskalk Nolphio. Veterinari su se pobunili protiv njihove djelatnosti, jer su mislili da ne mogu na osnovu svoje naobrazbe liječiti životinje, a što će na koncu biti i potvrđeno. Uz položen tečaj mogli su liječiti konje i pregledavati meso ako su za to bili osposobljeni. Iako neki autori navode da su kuršmidi i marešalci isto, drugi navode da su kuršmidi bili njihovi podčinjeni zbog čega u radu pišem odvojeno o navedenim nazivima. Imajući u vidu predmete koje su slušali i polagali, svakako možemo navesti da su marešalci dali znatan doprinos u liječenju domaćih životinja, to jest konja.
U radu je prikazan razvoj veterinarskog školstva s posebnim osvrtom na današnji Ve¬terinarski fakultet u Beču, jer je nekada većina naših veterinara najčešće završavala fakultete u Beču, Budimpešti, ...Pragu, Lavovu i Italiji. Studij raznih oblika veterinarstva u liječnika i kirurga odvijao se na 4 načina u obliku: kraćih tečajeva iz veterinarstva, redovitog studija „veterinar¬stvo,“ poslijediplomskog studija odabranih liječnika i kirurga te posebnog oblika poslijediplomskog studija za medicinare i kirurge. U Bečkom veterinarskom zavodu bile su sljedeće kategorije učenika: obični kovači, poljodjelci, pastiri, lovci i ovčari, časnici, budući okružni liječnici i okružni ranarnici, slušači za pregled mesa i stoke, kuršmidi i pravi veterinari. Burnu povijest razvitka i preobrazbi Veterinarskog fakulteta u Beču prikazana je kroz nekoliko faza do današnjeg dana i to od: 1766.-1777. g., 1777.- 1795. g., 1795.-1808. g., 1808.-1812. g., 1812.- 1850. g., 1850.-1896. g., 1897.-1905. g., 1905.- 1919. g. i od 1912.-1976. g. do danas.
The study was undertaken to examine the effects of castration on plasma lipids and on the fatty acid profile of abdominal fat in male pheasants. Thirty pheasants reared in a commercial pheasantry ...were included in the experiment. Half the pheasants were castrated at 8 weeks of age and the other half underwent sham surgery at the same age. Plasma levels of triglycerides and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were significantly higher in the castrated pheasants. Values for cholesterol tended to be higher in castrated pheasants although without statistical significance. The fatty acid content of the abdominal fat from castrated and intact pheasants were primarily composed of oleic acid (42.58%-40.33%), followed by palmitic acid (25.25%-27.33%), linoleic (14.05%-12.65%) and stearic acid (8.95%-9.40%). Castration also significantly influenced the fatty acid composition of abdominal fat. Compared to the intact pheasants, the fatty acid content of abdominal fat from castrated pheasants contained higher values for saturated fatty acids (SFA) and lower values for unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (UFA/SFA) and polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio (PUFA/SFA).
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