Plant pathogens pose a major threat to crop productivity. Typically, phytopathogens exploit plants’ susceptibility (S) genes to facilitate their proliferation. Disrupting these S genes may interfere ...with the compatibility between the host and the pathogens and consequently provide broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance. In the past, genetic manipulation of such S genes has been shown to confer disease resistance in various economically important crops. Recent studies have accomplished this task in a transgene-free system using new genome editing tools, including clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR). In this Opinion article, we focus on the use of genome editing to target S genes for the development of transgene-free and durable disease-resistant crop varieties.
CRISPR has emerged as a revolutionary tool for plant genome editing. Although developed recently, it has been established in several important plant species, including rice, wheat, and maize, to introduce agronomically important traits such as heat/cold tolerance, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and yield improvement.
Transgene-free methods are being introduced in CRISPR-mediated plant genome editing, such as segregating out transgenes, delivering the ribonucleoprotein complex of Cas9 and gRNA through particle bombardment or using a protoplast system, and using viral vectors for editing germline cells.
Targeting susceptibility (S) genes using CRISPR methodologies offers new frontiers to break molecular plant–microbe compatibility and introducing durable pathogen resistance.
Development of reliable and eco-accommodating methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles is a vital step in the field of nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles are important because of their ...exceptional chemical, physical, and biological properties, and hence applications. In the last decade, numerous efforts were made to develop green methods of synthesis to avoid the hazardous byproducts. This review describes the methods of green synthesis for Ag-NPs and their numerous applications. It also describes the comparison of efficient synthesis methods via green routes over physical and chemical methods, which provide strong evidence for the selection of suitable method for the synthesis of Ag-NPs.
Aptamers as Therapeutics Nimjee, Shahid M; White, Rebekah R; Becker, Richard C ...
Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology,
01/2017, Letnik:
57, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acid molecules that bind to and inhibit proteins and are commonly produced by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Aptamers undergo ...extensive pharmacological revision, which alters affinity, specificity, and therapeutic half-life, tailoring each drug for a specific clinical need. The first therapeutic aptamer was described 25 years ago. Thus far, one aptamer has been approved for clinical use, and numerous others are in preclinical or clinical development. This review presents a short history of aptamers and SELEX, describes their pharmacological development and optimization, and reviews potential treatment of diseases including visual disorders, thrombosis, and cancer.
In all organisms, major biological processes are controlled by complex protein-protein interactions networks (interactomes), yet their structural complexity presents major analytical challenges. ...Here, we integrate a compendium of over 4300 phenotypes with Arabidopsis interactome (AI-1
). We show that nodes with high connectivity and betweenness are enriched and depleted in conditional and essential phenotypes, respectively. Such nodes are located in the innermost layers of AI-1
and are preferential targets of pathogen effectors. We extend these network-centric analyses to Cell Surface Interactome (CSI
) and predict its 35 most influential nodes. To determine their biological relevance, we show that these proteins physically interact with pathogen effectors and modulate plant immunity. Overall, our findings contrast with centrality-lethality rule, discover fast information spreading nodes, and highlight the structural properties of pathogen targets in two different interactomes. Finally, this theoretical framework could possibly be applicable to other inter-species interactomes to reveal pathogen contact points.
Coordination chemistry has always been the most important tool to envisage the material importance of metal-organic systems. The chemistry involved plays a key role in determining structural ...features, which are responsible for tuning the properties of materials. In the present review, the current trends of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), their structural properties and dye adsorption related to their structural architecture together with other parameters affecting adsorption phenomena are discussed. The content of hazardous dyes such as methylene blue, rhodamine B, and methyl orange has been continuously increasing in wastewater, and therefore, considering environmental safety, their removal is urgent. The present survey demonstrates the important role of MOFs in dye adsorption and separation. Their structure activity relationship, which is the most important factor, is elaborated through the current scenario. The mechanisms involved in the adsorption are also illustrated and explained. The mechanisms support that, besides the porous nature of MOFs, various non-covalent interactions also play a significant role in enhancing the adsorption of dyes. This review presents the modern trends of dye adsorption by MOFs and opens new doors for the further tuning of their structural features to modulate the adsorption/separation of hazardous materials, which will definitely guide the future endeavors of coordination chemists.
This review highlights the current progress in the chemistry of MOFs and their dye adsorption mechanisms.
In the last two decades, advances in network science have facilitated the discovery of important systems’ entities in diverse biological networks. This graph-based technique has revealed numerous ...emergent properties of a system that enable us to understand several complex biological processes including plant immune systems. With the accumulation of multiomics data sets, the comprehensive understanding of plant–pathogen interactions can be achieved through the analyses and efficacious integration of multidimensional qualitative and quantitative relationships among the components of hosts and their microbes. This review highlights comparative network topology analyses in plant–pathogen co-expression networks and interactomes, outlines dynamic network modeling for cell-specific immune regulatory networks, and discusses the new frontiers of single-cell sequencing as well as multiomics data integration that are necessary for unraveling the intricacies of plant immune systems.
Biological networks are often large and complex, making it difficult to accurately identify the most important nodes. Node prioritization algorithms are used to identify the most influential nodes in ...a biological network by considering their relationships with other nodes. These algorithms can help us understand the functioning of the network and the role of individual nodes. We developed CentralityCosDist, an algorithm that ranks nodes based on a combination of centrality measures and seed nodes. We applied this and four other algorithms to protein-protein interactions and co-expression patterns in
using pathogen effector targets as seed nodes. The accuracy of the algorithms was evaluated through functional enrichment analysis of the top 10 nodes identified by each algorithm. Most enriched terms were similar across algorithms, except for DIAMOnD. CentralityCosDist identified more plant-pathogen interactions and related functions and pathways compared to the other algorithms.
PDF
