The Internet of Things (IoT) revitalizes the world with tremendous capabilities and potential to be utilized in vehicular networks. The Smart Transport Infrastructure (STI) era depends mainly on the ...IoT. Advanced machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to strengthen the STI smartness further. However, some decisions are very challenging due to the vast number of STI components and big data generated from STIs. Computation cost, communication overheads, and privacy issues are significant concerns for wide-scale ML adoption within STI. These issues can be addressed using Federated Learning (FL) and blockchain. FL can be used to address the issues of privacy preservation and handling big data generated in STI management and control. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can store data while providing trust and integrity assurance. Blockchain can be a solution to data integrity and can add more security to the STI. This survey initially explores the vehicular network and STI in detail and sheds light on the blockchain and FL with real-world implementations. Then, FL and blockchain applications in the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) environment from security and privacy perspectives are discussed in detail. In the end, the paper focuses on the current research challenges and future research directions related to integrating FL and blockchain for vehicular networks.
Solar energy is the leading thermal source from the sun, with huge use of technology such as photovoltaic cells, solar power plates, photovoltaic lighting, and solar pumping water. The current effort ...deals with solar energy analysis and a technique to enhance solar aircraft effectiveness by using solar and nanotechnological energy. The work is based on the investigation of thermal transfer by utilizing hybrid nanofluid past an inside solar wings parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) to rich the studies of the solar aircraft wings. The thermal source is titled solar radiative flow. For various properties such as porous media, Cattaneo Christov heat flux, viscous dissipation, play heating and thermal energy flow, the heat transfer efficiency of the wings is verified. In the case of the tangent hyperbolic fluid, the entropy generation analysis was applied. The modeled energy and momentum equations were managed using the well-established numerical plan known as the Keller box process. This paper is made up of double-different kinds of nano solid particles, Cu (copper) and ZrO2 (zirconium dioxide) in EG (ethylene glycol) as standard fluid. Various control parameters are discussed and shown in figures and tables for velocity, shear stress, temperature outlines, frictional factor, and Nusselt number. The efficiency in the aircraft wings in the case of thermal radiation amplification and variable thermal conduction parameters is seen to be improved in terms of thermal transfer. In comparison to the traditional nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid is the ideal source of heat transfer. The thermal efficiency of ZrO2–Cu/EG compared to Cu-EG decreases to a low of 2.6% and peaks to 3.6%.
Nowadays, with the advantages of nanotechnology and solar radiation, the research of Solar Water Pump (SWP) production has become a trend. In this article, Prandtl-Eyring hybrid nanofluid (P-EHNF) is ...chosen as a working fluid in the SWP model for the production of SWP in a parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) is investigated for the case of numerous viscous dissipation, heat radiations, heat source, and the entropy generation analysis. By using a well-established numerical scheme the group of equations in terms of energy and momentum have been handled that is called the Keller-box method. The velocity, temperature, and shear stress are briefly explained and displayed in tables and figures. Nusselt number and surface drag coefficient are also being taken into reflection for illustrating the numerical results. The first finding is the improvement in SWP production is generated by amplification in thermal radiation and thermal conductivity variables. A single nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid is very crucial to provide us the efficient heat energy sources. Further, the thermal efficiency of MoS
-Cu/EO than Cu-EO is between 3.3 and 4.4% The second finding is the addition of entropy is due to the increasing level of radiative flow, nanoparticles size, and Prandtl-Eyring variable.
We examine a channel through which corporate social responsibly affects firm performance. More specifically, we modeled the mediating role of enterprise risk management between corporate social ...responsibility and firm performance. We use the weighted average of environmental, social, and governance scores (as a proxy of corporate social responsibility) extracted from DataStream of Thomson Reuters‐ASSET4. Drawing on the stakeholder theory and using a large sample of 1021 Asia Pacific firms throughout 2006–2016, we show that corporate social responsibly is positively associated with firm performance. Our results suggest that corporate social responsibly is linked to enterprise risk management. However, the effect of corporate social responsibly on firm performance is both direct and indirect. We provide evidence that enterprise risk management partially mediates the relationship between corporate social responsibility and firm performance. We account for the issue of endogeneity and use alternative measures of firm performance for a robustness check. The findings offer important implications of socially responsible business processes through leveraging on the significance of enterprise risk management.
In this work, for the first time we fabricated highly self-aligned large-area reduced graphene oxide/poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (rLGO/PVDF-HFP) composite films through simple ...solution casting followed by low temperature chemical reduction process. The resulting free-standing rLGO/PVDF-HFP composite thin film revealed excellent electrical conductivity of ∼3000 S/m and ultrahigh in-plane thermal conductivity of ∼19.5 W/mK at rLGO content of 27.2 wt %. This ultrahigh electrical and thermal conductivity were attributed to the good interfacial interaction, effective chemical reduction, high aspect ratio, and preferential orientation of graphene sheets along the film direction. We believe that our new fabrication procedure can be effectively used for large-scale production and commercialization of conductive composite materials for many thermal and electrical conduction applications.
•Sulfur doping in graphene (S-rGO) with a thiophenic bond (CSC) was achieved by using a novel biomass precursor derived from mushroom.•Electrical conductivity was increased with sulfur doping that ...shows n-type contribution.•S-rGO show robust sensitivity and excellent recoveries for the detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a cancer risk biomarker.
Herein, we demonstrate a sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide (SrGO) product fabricated using an eco-friendly biomass precursor “lenthionine” through a high temperature doping process. The product is used for making a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) molecule, which is an important biomarker for oxidative stress, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. The sulfur-doping amount was regulated and a maximum sulfur content of 2.28 atom% was achieved through controlling the precursor amount. Homogenous presence of large number of sulfur atoms in SrGO in the form of thiophenic (CSC) bond produced robust sensitivity (∼1nM), very wide detection window (20–0.002μM), good selectivity, high stability and reproducibility, and excellent recoveries for the detection of 8-OHdG biomarker in optimized experimental conditions. The excellent electrochemical sensitivity of SrGO sensor is attributed to the strong electron-donating ability of sulfur that facilitates the electron transfer to the biomolecules in the electrochemical reactions. Thus, the proposed method endorses an excellent platform for the electrochemical detection of 8-OHdG with great ease and reliability.
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Herein, we demonstrate the selective sensing of Dopamine (DA), an important neurotransmitter, by using Nafion-stabilized two-dimensional transition metal carbides (Ti3C2Tx MXenes). ...Ti3C2Tx was deposited on a glassy carbon electrode followed by Nafion coating to achieve a robust sensitivity (∼3nM), good selectivity, wide detection window (0.015–10μM), high stability, reproducibility, and outstanding recoveries for DA detection in real samples. MXene-based biosensor exhibited much better electrochemical performance when compared with reduced graphene oxide-based biosensor under similar experimental conditions due to the MXenes good electrical conductivity and negatively charged surface which assisted in the selective and sensitive detection of DA.
Prandtl-Eyring hybrid nanofluid (P-EHNF) heat transfer and entropy generation were studied in this article. A slippery heated surface is used to test the flow and thermal transport properties of ...P-EHNF nanofluid. This investigation will also examine the effects of nano solid tubes morphologies, porosity materials, Cattaneo-Christov heat flow, and radiative flux. Predominant flow equations are written as partial differential equations (PDE). To find the solution, the PDEs were transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs), then the Keller box numerical approach was used to solve the ODEs. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using Engine Oil (EO) as a base fluid are studied in this work. The flow, temperature, drag force, Nusselt amount, and entropy measurement visually show significant findings for various variables. Notably, the comparison of P-EHNF's (MWCNT-SWCNT/EO) heat transfer rate with conventional nanofluid (SWCNT-EO) results in ever more significant upsurges. Spherical-shaped nano solid particles have the highest heat transport, whereas lamina-shaped nano solid particles exhibit the lowest heat transport. The model's entropy increases as the size of the nanoparticles get larger. A similar effect is seen when the radiative flow and the Prandtl-Eyring variable-II are improved.
Drawing on stakeholder and socioemotional wealth theories, we empirically examine the influence of corporate social responsibility performance on investment efficiency in family‐controlled businesses ...versus non‐family‐controlled businesses. Our panel dataset consists of 190 Pakistani firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange over the period of 2007–2016. We use feasible generalized least square regression for model estimation. Our results suggest that firms with higher corporate social responsibility performance invest efficiently compared with firms with lower corporate social responsibility performance. Furthermore, the impact of corporate social responsibility performance on investment efficiency is higher in the family firms. The results suggest that family‐controlled businesses are more willing to engage in social responsibility activities to achieve their non‐economic goals, i.e. family image and trans‐generational control. Overall, our results indicate that corporate social responsibility is beneficial for the organization, and its implication is more fruitful in the context of family‐controlled businesses.
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