Two iron(II) compounds with the general formula of Fe(phen‐TPE)2(NCX)2 ⋅ Y (phen‐TPE=3‐(tetraphenylethylene)‐1,10‐phenanthroline; X=S and Y=2DMF for 1 ⋅ 2DMF; X=Se and Y=DMF for 2 ⋅ DMF) were ...synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and magnetic measurements. Both compounds exhibited thermal‐induced complete one‐step spin‐crossover (SCO) behavior with the critical transition temperatures of 210 K and 260 K for 1 ⋅ 2DMF and 2 ⋅ DMF, respectively. The SCO behavior of these two isomorphic compounds depended significantly on robust intermolecular π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, NCX− groups and solvent molecules.
Two ferrous compounds with aggregation‐induced emission molecule tetraphenylethylene grafted ligand and similar crystal structures have been synthesized, both showed one‐step complete spin‐crossover behaviors with different transition temperatures that mainly arose from the different NCX− groups and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Thermal management systems are crucial for the performance, lifetime, safety of Li-ion battery used in electric (all-electric) vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. The present work puts forward a ...novel tree-like mini-channel heat sink for cooling a single prismatic Li-ion cell at 4C discharge rate. The performance evaluation of the Li-ion battery by using tree-type mini-channel heat sink is investigated numerically and experimentally. The effects of the inlet width and slant angle of the oblique channels on the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the Li-ion battery during the discharge process are examined. Based on the numerical results, the single-objective and multi-objective genetic algorithm optimizations are employed to get the best geometrical parameters. Results show that the Li-ion battery with a tree-type mini-channel heat sink provides much better thermal performance than that with the corresponding straight mini-channel, and that the optimized Li-ion battery has a maximum temperature of 33.69 °C and the temperature difference of 4.86 °C with a pressure drop penalty of 17.99 Pa.
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•A novel tree-like heat sink is proposed for the heat dissipation of a Li-ion battery.•Effects of geometric parameters on the performance of the battery are investigated.•Multi and single objective optimizations are used to achieve the optimal parameters.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but its high prevalence challenges current surveillance strategies. We aimed to evaluate HCC incidences in ...different risk stratifications for noncirrhotic NAFLD. Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we located 31,571 patients with NAFLD between the years 1998 and 2012. After excluding other causes of hepatitis, underlying cirrhosis or malignancy, 18,080 patients were recruited for final analysis. Cumulative incidences of HCC were analyzed after adjusting for competing mortality. With a median follow-up duration of 6.32 years in the study cohort, the 10-year cumulative incidence of HCC was 2.73% 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.69-3.76%. Hepatoprotectant was used as a surrogate marker for elevated serum alanine transaminase (ALT). After adjusting for age, gender, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, gout, statin use, metformin use and aspirin use, elevated ALT was independently associated with an increased HCC risk hazard ratio (HR) 6.80, 95% CI: 3.00-15.42; p < 0.001. Multivariate stratified analysis verified this association in all subgroups (HR> 1.0). Moreover, increased age (HR 1.08 per year, 95% CI: 1.05-1.11) and statin use (HR 0.29, 95% CI: 0.12-0.68) were also identified as independent risk factors. The 10-year cumulative HCC incidence was highest in older (age >55 years) patients with ALT elevation (12.41%, 95% CI: 5.99-18.83%), but lowest in younger patients without ALT elevation (0.36%, 95% CI: 0-1.08%). The incidence of HCC was relatively low in patients with clinically noncirrhotic NAFLD, however, HCC risk was significantly increased in older patients experiencing an elevated serum ALT.
Metallic zinc is an attractive anode material for aqueous rechargeable batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and low cost. However, state-of-the-art zinc anodes suffer from low coulombic ...efficiency and severe dendrite growth during stripping/plating processes, hampering their practical applications. Here we show that eutectic-composition alloying of zinc and aluminum as an effective strategy substantially tackles these irreversibility issues by making use of their lamellar structure, composed of alternating zinc and aluminum nanolamellas. The lamellar nanostructure not only promotes zinc stripping from precursor eutectic Zn
Al
(at%) alloys, but produces core/shell aluminum/aluminum sesquioxide interlamellar nanopatterns in situ to in turn guide subsequent growth of zinc, enabling dendrite-free zinc stripping/plating for more than 2000 h in oxygen-absent aqueous electrolyte. These outstanding electrochemical properties enlist zinc-ion batteries constructed with Zn
Al
alloy anode and K
MnO
cathode to deliver high-density energy at high levels of electrical power and retain 100% capacity after 200 hours.
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•SRO existed in Al0.3CoCrFeNi and was manifested by the aggregation of Al-Ni atoms and Cr-Cr atoms.•SRO was positively correlated with the mechanical properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNi.•SRO ...hindered the full expansion of SFs and enhanced dislocation density.•SRO made the fluctuation of SFE more violent, the dislocation path more tortuous, and the dislocation pinning effect stronger.•The strength and toughness was increased by deformation twins, multisystem slips and nanoscale precipitates.
Recent studies show that the atoms in high entropy alloys (HEAs) are not randomly distributed but have a certain short-range order (SRO). However, the study of the effect of SRO on Al0.3CoCrFeNi properties is insufficient. In this paper, the effect of SRO on the mechanical properties of Al0.3CoCrFeNi was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD). Melting/quenching and hybrid Monte Carlo (MC)/MD optimization were used to order the random distribution model. The effects of SRO on tensile and shear properties, stacking fault energy (SFE) and dislocation slip were comparatively analyzed and systematically discussed. The results show that the SRO inhibited the propagation of SFs and enhanced dislocation storage capacity. The ordering of the single crystals promoted the formation of deformation twins. The ordering of the polycrystals leads to martensite, BCC phase transformation, and activation of the sub-slip planes. SRO resulted in more severe SFE fluctuation, a more tortuous dislocation path, and a stronger pinning effect. The strength and toughness enhancement resulted from plane slip, multi-system slip, deformation twins, and nanoscale precipitates.
Macrophages play a key role in obesity-induced inflammation. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert anti-inflammatory ...functions in both humans and animal models, but the exact cellular signals mediating the beneficial effects are not completely understood. We previously found that two nutrient sensors AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and SIRT1 interact to regulate macrophage inflammation. Here we aim to determine whether ω-3 PUFAs antagonize macrophage inflammation via activation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Treatment of ω-3 PUFAs suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine expression in macrophages. Luciferase reporter assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays show that treatment of macrophages with ω-3 PUFAs significantly inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB signaling. Interestingly, DHA also increases expression, phosphorylation and activity of the major isoform α1AMPK, which further leads to SIRT1 over-expression. More importantly, DHA mimics the effect of SIRT1 on deacetylation of the NF-κB subunit p65, and the ability of DHA to deacetylate p65 and inhibit its signaling and downstream cytokine expression require SIRT1. In conclusion, ω-3 PUFAs negatively regulate macrophage inflammation by deacetylating NF-κB, which acts through activation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Our study defines AMPK/SIRT1 as a novel cellular mediator for the anti-inflammatory effects of ω-3 PUFAs.
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is normally not applicable to non-valve metals. However, in this study, PEO of Q345 carbon steel, a non-valve metal, has been carried out under pulsed unipolar ...regimes in aluminate based electrolytes with the addition of sodium dihydrogen phosphate to understand its coating formation and plasma generation mechanisms. Real time imaging, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), gas collection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assisted with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been adopted to characterize the PEO processes. It has been found that the cell potential-time responses and plasma initiation are affected by the surface roughness of the carbon steel and the electrolyte agitation, which are not encountered in PEO of valve metals. The addition of sodium dihydrogen phosphate is critical to the establishment of stable plasma discharges and formation of thick PEO coatings on carbon steel. It has been found that the formation of a thin layer of aluminum phosphates (AlPO4 and AlPO4·2H2O) or alumina aluminum phosphate (AAP) at the initial PEO stage plays an important role for the plasma generation and hence PEO coating formation on carbon steel. The variations in the cell potential-time responses are associated with the stability of the aluminum phosphates or AAP layer on the carbon steel. The findings in this paper indicate that the presence of a dielectric layer on the metal surface is a prerequisite for the occurrence of plasma breakdown. Hence, the previous models that dielectric breakdown in PEO is preceded by the breakdown of a bubble layer need to be reconsidered.
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•PEO of carbon steel in 8 g l−1 NaAlO2 + 2 g l−1 Na2H2PO4.•Plasma discharges established due to the formation of an initial AlPO4 layer.•The breakdown of dielectric layer likely precedes the gas breakdown in PEO.
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