Objective
Astatine (
211
At) is a promising alpha emitter as an alternative to iodine (
131
I). We are preparing the first-in-human (FIH) clinical trial of targeted alpha therapy for differentiated ...thyroid cancer in consultation with Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. Here, we performed an extended single-dose toxicity examination under a reliability standard, as a preclinical safety assessment of
211
AtNaAt to determine the FIH dose.
Methods
211
AtNaAt solution was injected into normal 6-week-old mice (male (
n
= 50) and female (
n
= 50), body weight: male 33.2 ± 1.7 g, female 27.3 ± 1.5 g), which were then divided into four groups: 5 MBq/kg (
n
= 20), 20 MBq/kg (
n
= 20), 50 MBq/kg (
n
= 30), saline control (
n
= 30). The mice were followed up for 5 days (primary evaluation point for acute toxicity:
n
= 80) or 14 days (
n
= 20: evaluation point for recovery) to monitor general condition and body weight change. At the end of the observation period, necropsy, blood test, organ weight measurement, and histopathological examination were performed. For body weight, blood test, and organ weight, statistical analyses were performed to compare data between the control and injected groups.
Results
No abnormal findings were observed in the general condition of mice. In the 50 MBq/kg group, males (days 3 and 5) showed a significant decrease in body weight compared with the control. However, necropsy did not differ significantly beyond the range of spontaneous lesions. In the blood test, males (50 MBq/kg) and females (50 MBq/kg) showed a decrease in white blood cell and platelet counts on day 5, and recovery on day 14. In the testis, a considerable weight decrease was observed on day 14 (50 MBq/kg), and multinucleated giant cells were observed in all mice, indicating a significant change related to the administration of
211
AtNaAt.
Conclusions
In the extended single-dose toxicity study of
211
AtNaAt, administration of high doses resulted in weight loss, transient bone marrow suppression, and pathological changes in the testis, which require consideration in the FIH clinical trial.
Oxaliplatin is a first‐line treatment for colorectal cancer. However, shortly following treatment, cold‐evoked hypersensitivity appears in the extremities and over time, the pain is such that ...oxaliplatin dosing may need to be markedly reduced or even terminated. There is currently a lack of efficacious treatments for oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy, which is due in part to the difficulty in translating findings obtained from preclinical rodent models of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy. Nonhuman primates (NHP) are phylogenetically closer to humans than rodents and may show drug responses that parallel those of humans. A significant decrease in tail withdrawal latency to 10°C water (“cold hypersensitivity”) was observed beginning 3 days after intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg) in Macaca fascicularis. A single treatment of duloxetine (30 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated oxaliplatin‐induced cold hypersensitivity, whereas pregabalin (30 mg/kg, p.o.) and tramadol (30 mg/kg, p.o.) did not. By contrast, in rats, no significant cold hypersensitivity, or increased responsiveness to acetone applied to the hind paws, was observed 3 days after the first injection of oxaliplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p., once per day, two injections). Therefore, rats were tested after six treatments of oxaliplatin, 17 days after the first treatment. All analgesics (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly ameliorated cold hypersensitivity in rats. The activity of analgesics in the oxaliplatin‐treated macaques parallel clinical findings. The current results indicate that the NHP could serve as a bridge species to improve translatability of preclinical findings into clinically useful treatments for oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy.
Purpose: Neuropathic pain is sometimes difficult to manage because of limited efficacy of analgesic monotherapy even at high doses. Combination therapy may help address this issue, but there is ...little evidence for its effectiveness. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of combination therapy with pregabalin, an anchor drug for treating neuropathic pain, using the rat L5 spinal nerve ligation model. Methods: Experiments were performed on four-week-old L5 spinal nerve ligated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Mechanical allodynia was assessed using the von Frey test, where the 50% withdrawal threshold was evaluated for five drugs: pregabalin, duloxetine, venlafaxine, tramadol, and celecoxib. The single-drug experiment included 112 rats, where each drug was tested independently. Median effective doses (ED.sub.50s) were determined. Combinations of pregabalin with each of the other four drugs were tested (n=84). The 50% withdrawal threshold in the von Frey test was evaluated. The ED.sub.50 of each combination was determined experimentally. Isobolographic analyses were conducted to assess the synergistic potential of the drug combinations, excluding pregabalin-celecoxib, since the ED.sub.50 of celecoxib could not be determined. Results: In the single-drug experiment, all drugs except celecoxib resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the 50% withdrawal threshold 2 h after administration, with a maximum possible effect ranging from 4.4% to 79.6%. Similarly, all pregabalin combinations demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in the 50% withdrawal threshold, with pregabalin-tramadol showing the greatest increment. Isobolographic analysis of this combination revealed synergistic effects. Specifically, the combination index was y=0.4 (<1). Combinations of pregabalin with duloxetine and venlafaxine demonstrated additive (y=0.9) and antagonistic effects (y=2.0), respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that combination of pregabalin with tramadol has synergistic antiallodynic effects, while that with duloxetine has additive effects. Moreover, pregabalin combined with venlafaxine was potentially antagonistic. Pregabalin combined with tramadol may serve as a promising drug combination for the effective management of neuropathic pain. Keywords: analgesic, animal model, isobologram, synergistic effects
The antineoplastic agent oxaliplatin is a first-line treatment for colorectal cancer. However, neuropathic pain, characterized by hypersensitivity to cold, emerges soon after treatment. In severe ...instances, dose reduction or curtailing treatment may be necessary. While a number of potential treatments for oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain have been proposed based on preclinical findings, few have demonstrated efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical studies. This failure could be related, in part, to the use of rodents as the primary preclinical species, as there are a number of distinctions in pain-related mechanisms between rodents and humans. Also, an indicator of preclinical pharmacological efficacy less subjective than behavioral endpoints that is translatable to clinical usage is lacking. Three days after oxaliplatin treatment in Macaca fascicularis, a significantly reduced response latency to cold (10 °C) water was observed, indicating cold hypersensitivity. Cold-evoked bilateral activation of the secondary somatosensory (SII) and insular (Ins) cortex was observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Duloxetine alleviated cold hypersensitivity and significantly attenuated activation in both SII and Ins. By contrast, neither clinically used analgesics pregabalin nor tramadol affected cold hypersensitivity and cold-evoked activation of SII and Ins. The current findings suggest that suppressing SII and Ins activation leads to antinociception, and, therefore, could be used as a non-behavioral indicator of analgesic efficacy in patients with oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain.
•Oxaliplatin-treated macaques demonstrate robust cold hypersensitivity.•Cold activates insula and secondary somatosensory cortex.•Duloxetine but not pregabalin and tramadol are antinociceptive.•Duloxetine blocks cold-evoked brain activation but pregabalin and tramadol do not.•Findings suggest brain activation delineates analgesic from nonanalgesic drugs.
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