The work deals with the definition of elastic and magnetic oscillations exited by microwave magnetic field in the three-layer structure. The frequency dependences for the amplitudes of the magnetic ...and elastic vibrations of the film layers with different values of the material parameters and amplitudes of the external fields are calculated.
T cells play a key role in adaptive immunity reactions, recognizing antigens using variable TCRs. Functional TCR subunit genes are formed by somatic rearrangement, and some of the resulting TCRs ...recognize autoantigens, the body’s own molecules. The autoreactive T cells that carry such TCRs pose a threat of inducing immune reactions against their own organism. In the course of the immune system’s development, some autoreactive T lymphocytes are eliminated by apoptosis, some differentiate into immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, which support immunological tolerance to autoantigens, and the rest fall into a non-functional state of anergy. Suppression of effector T cells by regulatory T cells is mediated by immunosuppressive cytokines and costimulatory molecules, depletion of stimulating IL-2, removal of autoreactive peptides together with MHC molecules, and in other ways. Impairment of self-tolerance leads to autoimmune diseases. However, the loss of immunological tolerance can be employed in tumor treatment, allowing immunotherapy and the use of the potential of autoreactive effector T cells. The fact that the efficacious immunotherapy of tumors is often accompanied by adverse autoimmune reactions currently seems to be the inevitable price paid by using this approach.
Despite an enhanced permeability and retention effect typical of many solid tumors, drug penetration is not always sufficient. Possible strategies for the drug delivery improvement are a modification ...of the tumor cell-to-cell junctions and usage of cell membrane permeabilization proteins. In this review we discuss epithelial cell junctions as targets for a combined anticancer therapy and propose new possible sources of such agents. We suggest considering viral and bacterial pathogens disrupting epithelial layers as plentiful sources of new therapeutic agents for increasing tumor permeability for other effector agents. We also observe the application of pore forming proteins and peptides of different origin for cytoplasmic delivery of anti-cancer agents and consider the main obstacles of their use in vivo.
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Changes in the mobility of water protons in the chemically modified starches (CMS)–water system are studied by differential scanning calorimetry and NMR relaxation. The amounts of unfrozen water at ...negative temperatures and additional (after gelation) unfrozen for CMS are lower than those for native starch. The proton spin–spin relaxation time
T
2
for CMS samples, conventionally attributed to the water fraction in starch granules, decreases monotonically with increasing temperature, whereas for native starch, this dependence exhibits an extreme behavior. Studying the dispersion dependences for 7 wt % gels, which characterize the rate of chemical exchange of water protons with protons of hydroxyl groups of polysaccharides, showed the absence of this kind of dependence for the CMS studied when the instrument operated at a frequency of 20 MHz. This data indicate the significant destructive changes in the structure of the CMS.
The methods used to synthesize oxides, sulfides, and complex compounds at the surface of through channels of porous glass plates are considered. The concentration and dimensional dependences of the ...state and properties of host substances have been studied. The possibilities for the directional production of materials with controllable spectral-luminescent and photochromic properties, as well as electron and proton conductance, are shown.
Proteins of the AID/APOBEC family are capable of cytidine deamination in nucleic acids forming uracil. These enzymes are involved in mRNA editing, protection against viruses, the introduction of ...point mutations into DNA during somatic hypermutation, and antibody isotype switching. Since these deaminases, especially AID, are potent mutagens, their expression, activity, and specificity are regulated by several intracellular mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of impaired expression and activation of AID/APOBEC proteins in human tumors and their role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Also, the diagnostic and potential therapeutic value of increased expression of AID/APOBEC in different types of tumors is analyzed. We assume that in the case of solid tumors, increased expression of endogenous deaminases can serve as a marker of response to immunotherapy since multiple point mutations in host DNA could lead to amino acid substitutions in tumor proteins and thereby increase the frequency of neoepitopes.
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