The production of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) with tissue culture is an alternative in kencur plant cultivation as a provider of seeds. In tissue culture, growth regulators can affect the ...formation of plant organs (organogenesis). The combination of growth regulators NAA and TDZ was used in this study to induce callus kencur organogenesis. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of giving NAA and TDZ on the organogenesis of kencur callus, as well as the optimal combination of the two in the organogenesis of kencur callus. The design used was factorial RAL with two factors: NAA (0; 0.5 and 1 ppm) and TDZ (0; 2 and 4 ppm). Observation variables included number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves, leaf length, number of roots, root length, fresh weight, and the first time shoots appeared. The results showed that the single NAA treatment affected the number of shoots, number of leaves, number of roots, root length, and fresh weight. In comparison, the single TDZ treatment affected shoot length, leaf length, number of roots, root length, and fresh weight. The optimal treatment combination was 1 ppm NAA and 2 ppm TDZ (N1T2), which gave the highest number of shoots. Higher concentrations of cytokinins can stimulate shoot growth.
Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a plant that has a high enough rhizome selling value. Increased production can be done by expanding the land. However, cultivated land in Indonesia is generally ...dominated by dry land with limited water availability. The research objective was to obtain galanga callus that were tolerant of drought in vitro using the PEG 6000 selective agent. Randomized block design (RBD) 2 factors were repeated 3 times. PEG 6000 concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and NAA concentrations were 1mg/l, 1.5mg/l, 2mg/l. The parameters observed were callus morphology (texture and color), wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots, proline content, and live callus percentage. The results showed compact textures that were green, white, and brown. Wet weight, dry weight, percentage of fresh callus, number of roots of PEG 6000 treatment resulted in a decreasing value while the proline content increased with the increase in PEG 6000 concentration. The NAA treatment at the concentration of 1mg/l produced the most roots, while the percentage value of fresh callus was inversely proportional to the value of the proline content. The lower the PEG 6000 and NAA concentrations resulted in more roots. The higher the PEG 6000 concentration and the lower the NAA concentration resulted in high the proline content. PEG 6000 20% still produced 61% living callus.
Bixin is a natural dye belonging to the carotenoid group that has been reported to have many health benefits. In this work, for the first time, metal-bixin complexes were synthesized through a simple ...green route using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as reaction media. DES was produced by stirring choline chloride and glycerol with a molar ratio of 1:3. The metal-bixin complex was prepared by grinding and stirring bixin and divalent metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, separately) in DES at room temperature. DES formed in this work was a homogeneous colorless liquid with a freezing point below -20 °C. It has a pH, density, viscosity, and conductivity of 7.13, 148.99 cP, 1.207 g/cm3, and 1.8 mS/cm, respectively. UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis shows that the absorption spectra produced by the Mg(II)-bixin, Ca(II)-bixin, Zn(II)-bixin, and Cu(II)-bixin complexes show an insignificant shift in the direction of a larger wavelength (red shift) compared to pure bixin. Spectral fine structure expressed as %III/II, i.e., the ratio of the height of the longest-wavelength absorption to the middle absorption peak. The value of %III/II for bixin, Mg(II)-bixin, Ca(II)-bixin, Zn(II)-bixin, and Cu(II)-bixin are 16.77, 20.37, 17.39, and 13.52%, respectively. The results of the FTIR spectra analysis confirmed that the bond between bixin and metal ions occurred in the carboxylate acid group, indicated by a decrease in the absorption intensity at wavenumber 3389 and 1716 cm−1.
Red mud is a bauxite industrial waste of reddish-brown mud with high alkalinity. Red mud has relatively high silica and alumina content, so it can be utilized as a raw material in the synthesis of ...zeolite. This study aims to synthesize high-purity NaP zeolite from red mud at various SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratios. The synthesis begins with neutralizing the red mud, followed by decomposition using the alkaline fusion method at a ratio of red mud:NaOH = 1:1 (w/w). The filtrate produced by the alkaline fusion was adjusted to the mole ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 = 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; and 4.0, respectively, by adding sodium silicate, followed by a hydrothermal process using an autoclave at 120oC for 16 hours. The synthesized zeolites were characterized using XRD and FTIR spectrophotometry. The XRD results showed that the zeolite produced in all variations of the SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio studied was a type of high-purity NaP with no other zeolite crystalline phases found as impurities. The structure formed is tetragonal with a degree of crystallinity of 74.54%; 76.47%; 78.94%; 75.64%, and crystal size 80.2286; 54.3437; 37.7099 and 40.1226 nm for zeolite with SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; and 4.0, respectively. Based on the results of the study, pure NaP zeolite can be synthesized from red mud material using the hydrothermal method at the ratio of moles SiO2/Al2O3 = 2.0 – 4.0.
Endosperm as a result of double fertilization in Angiospermae shows high level chromosomes and polyploidy. It is also considered as dead tissue that is unable to be generated to form plantlet. The ...aim of this research is to determine the effect of kinetin and 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2.4-D) in induction of callus formation of mountain papaya. This research used factorial randomized block design with eighteen groups, one fruit was used for one experimental group. Culture using Murashige and Skog (MS) media with combination of three level of kinetin (0, 1, 3) mg L -1 and six level of 2.4-D (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) mg L -1 . Concentration of 2 mg L -1 2.4-D was the best treatment in stimulating callus growth by producing the highest percentage of callus, 24.44 %. The combination of 1 mg L -1 kinetin and 3 mg L -1 2.4-D was the best treatment in accelerating callus induction of the endosperm was 19.84 d after planting. In this study shows that induction callus of endosperm of mountain papaya could be stimulates by kinetin and 2.4-D.
This study aims to determine the effect of sterile and immersion duration on the success of sterilization of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) leaf explants using in vitro culture techniques and to find ...out the types of contaminants that emerge. The study was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, located at the Basic Agrotechnology Laboratory and Plant Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 15 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The treatments were the immersed in 6% chlorine for 10 minutes (S1), for 15 minutes (S2), for 20 minutes (S3), the immersed in 0,1 g/ml HgCl2 for 1 minute (S4), for 3 minutes (S5), for 5 minutes (S6), the immersed in HgCl2 0,2 g/ml for 1 minute (S7), for 3 minutes (S8), for 5 minutes (S9), the immersed in HgCl2 0,3 g/ml for 1 minute (S10), for 3 minutes (S11), 5 minutes (S12), immersed in dithane 2 g/l for 1 hour (S13), for 12 hours (S14), for 24 hours (S15). The results showed that the treatment of Dithane sterile 2 g/l water with an immersion duration of 1 hour (S13) significantly affected the percentage of contamination and succeeded in reducing contamination by 44.44%, while the use of chlorine sterile and HgCl2 had no significant effect. The types of contaminants that appear are Macrophomoina sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., And Pseudomonas sp.
Ionic-Imprinted Chitosan/Chlorella biomass sorbent (IICCb) has been synthesized for selective adsorption of Cd(II) adsorption. IICCb was prepared by coating Cd(II)-complexed-chitosan hydrogel on the ...biomass surface followed by cross-linking procedure. Cd(II)-imprinting ions were then eluted using Na2EDTA solution to provide a specific template for binding sites of Cd(II). Batch adsorption was carried out as function of initial pH, contact time, and initial concentration of the Cd(II) solution. Result showed that the optimum adsorption of Cd(II) was found at pH 4-6. Study of pseudo-second order kinetic showed that the adsorption of Cd(II) on IICCb went faster than that on Ionic-Imprinted Chitosan (IIC) or Non-Imprinted Ionic Chitosan/Chlorella sorbent (NIICCb). The maximum Cd(II) adsorption capacity as obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be 53.76 mg/g on IICCb, that was comparatively higher than that on IIC (44.44 mg/g) or on NIICCb (51.02 mg/g) adsorbent.
This paper describes the utilization of waste from the argentometric determination of chloride in a chemistry teaching laboratory as a source of silver for the synthesis of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid ...capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). All white and red‐brick precipitates in the waste were first separated from the liquid and converted to silver chloride precipitate by washing the precipitates using hydrochloride acid 0.1 M. The silver chloride precipitate was then converted to diammineargentate complex ion by dissolving it into an ammonia solution. The conversion was successfully conducted by using 50 moles of ammonia for every mole of silver chloride. The formation of AgNPs was optimum by applying diammineargentate complex ion and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid solutions at a molar ratio of 1 : 10. The formed AgNPs showed a yellow color and absorption peak at around 420 nm with an average particle size of 26.4 nm. The as‐synthesized AgNPs were stable at least 16 weeks of storage, indicating that p‐hydroxybenzoic acid did not only act as a reducing agent but also play a role as a capping agent.
The use of Mohr experiment waste containing silver chloride and silver chromate as a starting material for the synthesis of highly stable p‐hydroxybenzoic acid capped silver nanoparticles is shown. The p‐hydroxybenzoic acid can produce AgNPs with the same characteristics regardless of the type of silver precursor, i. e., silver nitrate or diamineargentate complex ion resulting from the conversion of waste.
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