Biofilms are microbial communities established in the self‐produced extracellular substances that include up to 80% of associated microbial infections. During biofilm formation, bacterial cells shift ...from the planktonic forms to aggregated forms surrounded by an extracellular polymeric substance. The bacterial biofilm shows resistance against immune reactions as well as antibiotics and is potentially able to cause disorders by both device‐related and nondevice‐related infections. The nondevice‐related bacterial biofilm infections include dental plaque, urinary tract infections, cystic fibrosis, otitis media, infective endocarditis, tonsillitis, periodontitis, necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, infectious kidney stones, and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will summarize and examine the literature about bacterial biofilm infections unrelated to indwelling devices.
Human colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer around the world. Colorectal cancer has various risk factors, but current works have bolded a significant activity for the microbiota of the ...human colon in the development of this disease. Bacterial biofilm has been mediated to non-malignant pathologies like inflammatory bowel disease but has not been fully documented in the setting of colorectal cancer. The investigation has currently found that bacterial biofilm is mediated to colon cancer in the human and linked to the location of human cancer, with almost all right-sided adenomas of colon cancers possessing bacterial biofilm, whilst left-sided cancer is rarely biofilm positive. The profound comprehension of the changes in colorectal cancer can provide interesting novel concepts for anticancer treatments. In this review, we will summarize and examine the new knowledge about the links between colorectal cancer and bacterial biofilm.
•Colorectal cancer is the third common cancer in males and the second common cancer in females.•Various risk factors proposed for colorectal cancer.•The investigation has found that biofilm is mediated to colon cancer and linked to the location of cancer.•It has led to the characterization of putative oncogenic drivers of colorectal cancer, for instance, enterotoxigenic B. fragilis producing the BFT, E. coli having the pks encoding the genes need to form the genotoxinʼs colibactin, and F. nucleatum containing the FadA.•Identifying candidate pro-carcinogenic bacteria from colon mucosal biofilms can enable earlier screening to predict patients at risk of developing colorectal cancer and allow the application of interventions to disrupt the progression of colon carcinogenesis.
Various bacterial species, previously known as extracellular pathogens, can reside inside different host cells by adapting to intracellular modes by forming microbial aggregates with similar ...characteristics to bacterial biofilms. Additionally, bacterial invasion of human cells leads to failure in antibiotic therapy, as most conventional anti-bacterial agents cannot reach intracellular biofilm in normal concentrations. Various studies have shown that bacteria such as uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Borrelia burgdorferi,Moraxella catarrhalis, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumonia, and group A Streptococci produce biofilm-like structures within the host cells. For the first time in this review, we will describe and discuss the new information about intracellular bacterial biofilm formation and its importance in bacterial infectious diseases.
•Biofilms are structured microbial aggregates attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces that have been extensively studied in recent years as they are involved in chronic bacterial infections.•Biofilm, as a fixing framework, consists of EPS and various carbohydrate-binding bacterial proteins and eDNA.•The EPS structure alters in response to variations in the availability of various micro-nutrient and the secretion of specific enzymes from bacterial cells; therefore, bacterial cells within the biofilm structure can become compatible with certain environments.•Many studies have shown that bacteria, including uropathogenic E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. burgdorferi, M. catarrhalis, non-typeable H. influenza (NTHI), S. pneumoniae, and group A Streptococci may produce biofilm-like structures inside the host cells.
The COVID-19 pandemic has burdened disastrous mortality and morbidity rates in society all over the world. While vaccination is one of the most effective immunization methods to control infectious ...diseases globally, some have avoided receiving the vaccine. We have aimed to investigate the reasons behind the hesitancy of vaccination among healthcare workers.
We performed ten semi-structured interviews with volunteered healthcare workers of Rasoul Akram hospital. Then each interview was anonymized, and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method was used to analyze the interviews.
Our data analysis revealed thirty-eight different codes as reasons for vaccination hesitancy among our interviewees.
All these thirty-eight codes were grouped into ten sub-themes, and these sub-themes were further grouped into our four main themes:
1. Fear of side effects, 2. Distrust, 3. Inefficiency, and 4. Non-necessity.
Fear of side effects was the most frequent reason that interviewees mentioned. Also, Half of the interviewees mentioned distrust as a reason for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
At least once, all interviewees mentioned that they believed vaccination is inefficient.
Some interviewees had beliefs and reasons that made them assume vaccination is simply not necessary.
Fear of side effects, distrust, inefficiency, and non-necessity were the reasons that our participants refused to get vaccinated. Fear of side effects and distrust were the most common reasons that led to non-vaccination.
•Fear of side effects, distrust, inefficiency and non-necessity are the reasons for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy among HCWs.•Fear of side effects is the main reason for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy.•unlike other antivaccination movements, the main cause of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is not conspiracy theory.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects the quality of life. Patient education and support needs are crucial components of comprehensive chronic illness care. The main purposes of this review were ...to (i) explore the informational and supportive needs of these patients to improve the quality of life in the existing literature and (ii) identify the gaps related to the needs of the patients in articles.
The scoping review is based on the Daudt methodological framework, a modified version of Arksey and O'Malley. Electronic databases were extensively searched from January 01, 2000 to April 30, 2022. Four electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, APA PsycArticles, and ProQuest) were searched using controlled vocabulary, and specific keywords. The searched terms were matched to each database. We manually searched two key journals, namely the Journal of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.
In the review, 75 studies on the assessment of the information and support needs of patients with IBD were reviewed. In this regard, 62 and 53 studies were regarding information needs and support needs, respectively. Most of the information needs of patients with IBD reported in the studies were related to diet needs, and educational needs were the most essential support needs.
Health policymakers and managers can develop care and educational programs related to this disease in health centers according to the needs of the patients. Health professionals, especially gastroenterologists, are the primary referral sources for information on patients. Therefore, gastroenterologists can take the lead in planning and educating the patients and sharing their decisions.
OSF, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3MWGJ.
A total of 200 cell lines including different human, monkey, mice, hamster and rat cell types were examined for mycoplasma infection status. PCR assay using generic-specific universal primers showed ...that 40 (20%) of the cell lines are contaminated with mycoplasma. Employment of species-specific primers within these infected cell lines revealed infection with M. hyorhinis (42.5%), M. fermentas (37.5%), M. arginini (37.5%), M. orale (12.5%) and A. laidlawii (7.5%). A number of the cultures were coinfected with 2 or 3 different species. Contaminated samples were treated with BM-Cyclin, Ciprofloxacin and mycoplasma removal agent (MRA). Mycoplasma eradication was subsequently checked by PCR following 2 weeks continuous culture of treated cells in antibiotic free culture medium. Mycoplasmal infections were eradicated in 100, 70 and 42% of infected cell lines when the samples were treated with BM-Cyclin, MRA and Ciprofloxacin, respectively. However, 12% (BM-Cyclin), 62.5% (MRA) and 82.5% (Ciprofloxacin) of mycoplasma regrowth was observed 4 months after the treatment. Notably, the risk of spontaneous culture death was 17.5, 12.5 and 0% for BM-Cyclin, MRA and Ciprofloxacin, respectively.
The Indian Gerbil, Tatera indica Hardwicke, 1807, is widely distributed in the Near and Far East, including India, Sri Lanka and south of Nepal to the Middle East and Asia Minor (Harrison & Bates ...1991, Wilson & Reeder 1993). In spite of its vast geographic distribution from Palaearctic to Oriental habitats (Corbet & Hill 1991) and its importance as a serious pest species, especially during drought periods in cultivated areas, it has received less attention from the taxonomic and biological perspectives (Greaves & Rehman 1977, Hussain et al. 2003).
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