Growth kinetics of a Vero cells adapted Bangladeshi strain of
peste des petits ruminants
virus was studied in Vero cells to determine maximum virus yield. One-step growth curve was formulated after ...determining virus in both supernatant (CFV) and cell lysate (CAV) at different time categories by microtitre plate titration in Vero cells and the viral presence was confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. The virus was first detected in both the supernatants and cell pellets at 12 hpi. The virus titre reached its plateau at 72 hpi. Maximum virus titre of CAV was 6.2 log
10
TCID
50
/ml and that of CFV was 5.2 log
10
TCID
50
/ml at 72 hpi. After that, the titer gradually declined, but maintained at 4.5 log
10
TCID
50
/ml in case of CAV and 4.2 log
10
TCID
50
/ml in case of CFV at 96 hpi. It was concluded that the optimum time point for harvesting Vero cell culture is 72 hpi.
Nanostructured anatase TiO2 (NSA‐TiO2) was synthesized via electrochemical anodization of pure Ti foils in a fluorine‐containing electrolyte. The synergistic effects of the anodization period (1 and ...2 h) and the surface condition of Ti foils (scratched and unscratched) before anodization was investigated. Four nanostructure variants—unscratched 1 h, unscratched 2 h, scratched 1 h, and scratched 2 h with average pore diameters 15 ± 7.4, 10.1 ± 8.5, 7 ± 7.12, and 8.1 ± 3.79 nm, respectively, were fabricated to assess as negative electrodes of high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The corresponding first cycle discharge capacities of as‐synthesized NSA‐TiO2 exhibited 433, 93.33, 453.33, and 460.0 mAhg−1. LIB with scratched 1 h NSA‐TiO2 as anode exhibited very propitious outcomes. The reversible capacity at a high 1 C current rate was displayed as 100 mAhg−1 even after 400 cycles along with 103.27% coulombic efficiency. The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to its high specific surface area due to its nanoporous structure. These nanoporous structures provide higher contact between electrodes and electrolytes, shortening the diffusion pathways for conductive ions and electrons that ensured faster kinetics. However, scratching operations increased surface area in the final nanostructure while the short anodization period substantially increased the number of pores.
TiO2 has been considered one of the most attractive anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries due to its comparable energy density and life cycle compared to graphite. The nanoporous features of nanostructure provide higher contact between binderless electrode TiO2 and electrolytes, shortening the diffusion pathways for conductive ions and electrons that ensure faster kinetics.
Background
Contagious and economically devastating, peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a viral disease affecting goats and sheep, causing significant losses in livestock productivity and posing a ...threat to food security and rural livelihoods worldwide.
Objectives
This study was conducted to assess the status of goat farmer's knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about PPR disease at Sylhet district of Bangladesh.
Methods
A comprehensive cross‐sectional survey, conducted over 11 weeks, targeted 130 goat owners. Following a pilot study with 20 farmers, a set of 17 validated questions on PPR KAP was validated. Data collection was performed through face‐to‐face interviews by a trained team using KOBO Toolbox, with interpretation of responses based on established thresholds for knowledge (>65%), attitude (>75%) and practice (>70%).
Results
Overall, 67.7% of participants demonstrated a good level of knowledge about PPR disease. Males exhibited 1.42 times higher odds of knowledge compared to females (odds ratio = 1.42). The middle age group (31–45 years) showed significantly higher knowledge levels (83.3%, p < 0.001). Within this age group, positive practice levels were also notably higher (54.8%). Those with a higher secondary education background exhibited the most positive practice levels (>80%). Participants whose additional income came from non‐governmental organization employment showed a higher positive practice level (71.4%), 1.46 times higher than other income sources.
Conclusion
Strategic interventions should prioritize female farmers, educational empowerment and collaboration with non‐governmental organizations to bolster livestock health and rural livelihoods in Bangladesh as part of national PPR control strategy to fulfil the goals of Office International des Epizooties/World Organization for Animal Health (OIE/WOAH) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) PPR eradication by 2030.
This study surveyed 130 goat farmers in Sylhet, Bangladesh, assessing their knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Results showed 67.7% had good knowledge, with males 1.42 times more knowledgeable than females. The 31–45 age group had the highest knowledge (83.3%, p < 0.001) and positive practices (54.8%). Higher secondary education and NGO employment were linked to better practices. Interventions should target female farmers, education and NGO collaboration to support the national PPR control strategy.
Background
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is an emerging zoonotic disease of cattle associated with pathological prion protein (PrPsc) transmitted via meat and bone meal (MBM). Although ...Bangladesh did not experience a BSE outbreak but the country could not export animal products to developed countries as has not yet been declared BSE free country by OIE due to lack of scientific risk evaluation for BSE. The objectives were identification of hazard, release and exposure pathways of pathological prion protein through MBM and analysis of risk for the occurrence of BSE in Bangladesh.
Methods
The scientific data were reviewed, hazards were scheduled and surveys were conducted on livestock production system, import of MBM and its use to identify the hazards present in Bangladesh context. The analysis was done by the ‘OIE Risk Analysis Framework 2006 and European Union (EU) Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) 2003’. From the historical reviews, import of MBM and its use was identified, as external hazards.
Results
The analysis revealed that these hazards had negligible or moderate risk for the introduction of infectious PrPsc as Bangladeshi cattle are vegetarian cattle. No milk replacer was used and use of slaughtered waste in the animal feed industry is absent. Unconsumable bones are processed to produce bone chips, fertilizers and bone meal for poultry feeds. Scrapie was never prevalent in Bangladesh. Therefore, risk from the internal challenge was negligible in Bangladesh for the occurrence of classical BSE. These prevented the propagation of BSE infectivity and eliminated BSE infectivity from the system very fast, if that was present.
Conclusions
It was concluded that introduction of PrPsc into cattle population of Bangladesh through MBM was very negligible. Therefore, Bangladesh can be considered as BSE negligible risk country.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a zoonotic disease of cattle associated with infectious prion protein (PrPsc) transmitted via meat and bone meal (MBM). Although Bangladesh did not experience a BSE outbreak but the country could not export animal products to developed countries as has not yet been declared BSE free country by OIE due to lack of scientific risk evaluation for BSE. Surveys were conducted on livestock production system, import of MBM and its use to identify the hazards present in Bangladesh context. The analysis was done by the ‘OIE Risk Analysis Framework 2006 and European Union (EU) Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) 2003’. The external and internal challenge analyses put Bangladesh as negligible risk country for the introduction of infectious PrPsc among cattle population.
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•Jambadyarista, an Ayurvedic formulation used in the management of diabetes and its related complications.•This study investigated the subacute oral toxicity of Jambadyarista in a rat ...model.•Biochemical and hematological parameters were studied after 28-day of treatment.•Evidence of mortality and change in observed parameters were not seen that proves the oral safety of Jambadyarista.
Jambadyarista is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation widely prescribed by Ayurvedic practitioners for the management of diabetes and its associated complications. About 39 companies have marketed this formulation in Bangladesh with consent from the Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA).
This study investigated the sub-acute oral toxicity of Jambadyarista in the Sprague-Dawley rat model.
The sub-acute toxicity studies were executed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Jambadyarista formulation was given for 28-days through oral gavage at 10 mL/kg and 20 mL/kg dose to two different groups comprising 6 rats of both sex/groups. Across the experimental period mortality, adverse reactions were closely monitored. After 28-day feeding hematological, biochemical, and relative organ weights were quantified.
No mortality and/or signs of morbidity were observed for 28-day of repeated-dose sub-acute toxicity. Any pernicious change in body weight, biochemical, and hematological parameters along with relative organ weight were not observed for Jambadyarista. Correlation study among parameters of the renal profile, liver profile, lipid profile also metabolic hormones (T3 and TSH), and enzymes showed the non-toxic rather beneficial role (hypolipidemic) of Jambadyarista in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Jambadyarista preparation did not cause any potential toxic effect in repeated dose subacute toxicity study over Sprague-Dawley rats orally. Therefore, low dose administration of Jambadyarista could have a beneficial effect on diabetes and can be considered safe before the chronic study.
This research aimed to formulate fast-dissolving sublingual films of Ketorolac tromethamine to improve therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and overcome the drug's gastrointestinal side effects ...by avoiding direct contact with the gastric mucosa.
This research produced Ketorolac tromethamine sublingual film by solvent casting method using a variable ratio of polymer and plasticizer but a fixed quantity of other excipients and solvent ratio to evaluate the effect of these components on the overall formulation. Total 9 (F1 to F9) formulations were prepared where the ratio of Kollicoat
®
IR as polymer and Polyethylene glycol 400 as plasticizer were 2.0:1, 3.0:1, 4.0:1, 4.0:1, 4.8:1, 5.6:1, 5.33:1, 6.0:1, 6.66:1 respectively. The prepared films were evaluated through morphological and organoleptic properties, weight uniformity, folding endurance, surface pH, thickness, percentage of moisture loss, dispersion, dissolution, and drug content uniformity. Also, API-excipients compatibility was evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy.
Formulation-2 (F2) demonstrated better film with optimum folding endurance where the ratio of Kollicoat
®
IR and Polyethylene glycol 400 was 3.0:1. The film's surface and distribution of polymers and drugs were examined by trinocular microscopic imaging where drug molecule showed uniform distribution which was supported by the assay (100.1%) and content uniformity (100.1 ± 1.97%). Performed dissolution studies showed 99.3% of drug dissolution occurred in just 3 min at pH 6.8
Prepared films were found to have thin, fast dispersion and dissolution properties. Therefore, the patients can use the sublingual film to get rapid relief of pain with minimal side effects in the gastrointestinal tract.
Abstract
Nanostructured anatase TiO
2
(NSA‐TiO
2
) was synthesized via electrochemical anodization of pure Ti foils in a fluorine‐containing electrolyte. The synergistic effects of the anodization ...period (1 and 2 h) and the surface condition of Ti foils (scratched and unscratched) before anodization was investigated. Four nanostructure variants—unscratched 1 h, unscratched 2 h, scratched 1 h, and scratched 2 h with average pore diameters 15 ± 7.4, 10.1 ± 8.5, 7 ± 7.12, and 8.1 ± 3.79 nm, respectively, were fabricated to assess as negative electrodes of high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The corresponding first cycle discharge capacities of as‐synthesized NSA‐TiO
2
exhibited 433, 93.33, 453.33, and 460.0 mAhg
−1
. LIB with scratched 1 h NSA‐TiO
2
as anode exhibited very propitious outcomes. The reversible capacity at a high 1 C current rate was displayed as 100 mAhg
−1
even after 400 cycles along with 103.27% coulombic efficiency. The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to its high specific surface area due to its nanoporous structure. These nanoporous structures provide higher contact between electrodes and electrolytes, shortening the diffusion pathways for conductive ions and electrons that ensured faster kinetics. However, scratching operations increased surface area in the final nanostructure while the short anodization period substantially increased the number of pores.
The Effect of lead acetate alone and in combination with whole milk on body weight gain and some biochemical parameters were carried out on a total of 15 (15 days old) male weaning Long- Evans strain ...rats. The rats were randomly divided into three equal groups, each consisting of five rats. Rats of group A were kept as control (without giving any treatment), group B received lead acetate alone @ 6mg/ml drinking water and group C received lead acetate @ 6mg/ml plus whole milk (Star ship®) 150 mg/ml drinking water. The result showed that body weight gain of control group per week per rat was found to increase but in treated group B, the body weight gain was found to decrease most significantly (P< 0.01) on day 56 while in group C, body weight was reduced significantly (P< 0.05) on day 56. The reducing body weight gain was less in group C than group B. A most significantly (P< 0.01) increased SGOT and SGPT values were observed in Group B but in group C, those count increased significantly (P< 0.05) on day 56 of experiment. From the study it was concluded that treatment with lead acetate at low doses has adverse effects on body growth and liver functions in experimental animals.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2016, 2(2): 183-189
The effect of arsenic trioxide along with tannic acid, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate (DSHP), alum and effects of sand-charcoal-iron-filter (SCIF)-bed filtrated water along with alum on body weight and ...some hematological parameters were carried out on a total of 30 (01 month old) adult Newzealand white rabbits. The Rabbits were randomly divided in to 6 equal groups (A,B,C,D,E & F) at the ratio of three males and two females in each group, rats of group A was kept as control without giving any treatment, rabbits of group B received arsenic trioxide@100 ppm, group C received arsenic trioxide @ 100 ppm plus tannic acid @100 ppm, group D received arsenic trioxide @ 100 ppm plus di-sodium hydrogen phosphate @100 ppm, group E received arsenic trioxide @100 ppm plus alum @100 ppm orally daily for 60 days in all cases and group F received alum @100 ppm in SCIF-bed filtrated water orally daily for 60 days. The result showed that body weight gain of control group (A) per week per rabbit was found to increase but in treated group B (arsenic trioxide@100ppm orally daily) the mean body weight of group B were decreased gradually and significant (P<0.05) decrease in body weight was observed at 40 days of feeding and at day 60 it was highly significant (P<0.01). Rabbits of group C, D and E were apparently normal and mild body weight reductions were observed which was statistically insignificant. No body weight loss was observed in rabbit of group F. TEC, Hb and PCV were slightly reduced in group C, D, E and F but highly significant (P< 0.01) reduction of TEC, Hb and PCV were observed in group B. ESR values were slightly increased in group C, D, E and F but highly significant (P< 0.01) increased of ESR value was observed in group B. Leukocytosis was observed in rabbits of group B. In this study, it was concluded that treatment with arsenic oxide at low doses has harmful effects on experimental animals including hematological alterations.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 38-47
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