Sub-daily rainfall datasets are not commonly available in developing countries, but the annual maximum daily rainfall (P
ma
) often is. This article evaluates the ratio between 1440 min of rainfall ...and the P
ma
, as well as the sub-daily rainfall ratio from different origins as disaggregation coefficients for modeling the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Non-parametric tests were previously applied to the series to verify stationarity, homogeneity, randomness, and independence. It was verified via Student's t-test and identity test models that there is a significant difference between the IDF curves from the sub-daily rainfall dataset and disaggregation rainfall dataset. Nevertheless, the model performance indexes between the results of IDF curves indicate the errors are acceptable, thus guaranteeing an alternative tool in places where there are no sub-daily rainfall datasets available. Sub-daily rainfall ratios can be used as disaggregation coefficients on a local and regional scale.
Several studies show a synergistic effect between intumescent formulations and aluminosilicates, such as zeolites and clays, but little is known about the effect of acidity of these additives on the ...synergistic action. In this work, H-ZSM-5 zeolite was submitted to desilication treatments for 30 min and for 2 h, and silicalite-1 was synthesized. The objective was to obtain samples of equivalent crystalline structure, but with different amounts of acid sites, in order to evaluate the effect of acid concentration of H-ZSM-5 zeolites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation composed by ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol in polypropylene. H-ZSM-5 zeolites and silicalite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The desilication produced H-ZSM-5 zeolites with similar volumes of mesopores in both treatments, but the zeolite resulting from 2 h of desilication presented a higher concentration of acid sites than the zeolite from 30 min. The flame-retardant properties were evaluated by UL-94 classification, limiting oxygen index, glow-wire, thermogravimetric analysis and heating microscopy. The results showed that increasing the concentration and accessibility of the acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolites the flame-retardant properties of the studied composites improved. It is suggested that the increase of acid site concentration positively influences the catalysis of the reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, favoring the production of the precursors of the intumescent layer.
Abstract
Mutations at both the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the amino (N)-terminal domain (NTD) of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike (S) glycoprotein can ...alter its antigenicity and promote immune escape. We identified that SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in Brazil with mutations of concern in the RBD independently acquired convergent deletions and insertions in the NTD of the S protein, which altered the NTD antigenic-supersite and other predicted epitopes at this region. Importantly, we detected the community transmission of different P.1 lineages bearing NTD indels ∆69-70 (which can impact several SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic protocols), ∆144 and ins214ANRN, and a new VOI N.10 derived from the B.1.1.33 lineage carrying three NTD deletions (∆141–144, ∆211, and ∆256–258). These findings support that the ongoing widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil generates new viral lineages that might be more resistant to antibody neutralization than parental variants of concern.
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is one of the inborn errors of immunity that have the greatest clinical impact. Rates of morbidity and mortality are higher in patients with CVID who develop ...liver disease than in those who do not. The main liver disorder in CVID is nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH), the cause of which remains unclear and for which there is as yet no treatment. The etiology of liver disease in CVID is determined by analyzing the liver injury and the associated conditions. The objective of this study was to compare CVID patients with and without liver-spleen axis abnormalities in terms of clinical characteristics, as well as to analyze liver and duodenal biopsies from those with portal hypertension (PH), to elucidate the pathophysiology of liver injury. Patients were divided into three groups: Those with liver disease/PH, those with isolated splenomegaly, and those without liver-spleen axis abnormalities. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. Among 141 CVID patients, 46 (32.6%) had liver disease/PH; 27 (19.1%) had isolated splenomegaly; and 68 (48.2%) had no liver-spleen axis abnormalities. Among the liver disease/PH group, patients, even those with mild or no biochemical changes, had clinical manifestations of PH, mainly splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and esophageal varices. Duodenal celiac pattern was found to correlate with PH (p < 0.001). We identified NRH in the livers of all patients with PH (
= 11). Lymphocytic infiltration into the duodenal mucosa also correlated with PH. Electron microscopy of liver biopsy specimens showed varying degrees of lymphocytic infiltration and hepatocyte degeneration, which is a probable mechanism of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against hepatocytes and enterocytes. In comparison with the CVID patients without PH, those with PH were more likely to have lymphadenopathy (p < 0.001), elevated β
-microglobulin (p < 0.001), low B-lymphocyte counts (p < 0.05), and low natural killer-lymphocyte counts (p < 0.05). In CVID patients, liver disease/PH is common and regular imaging follow-up is necessary. These patients have a distinct immunological phenotype that may predispose to liver and duodenal injury from lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Further studies could elucidate the cause of this immune-mediated mechanism and its treatment options.
Expected changes in climate variables, such as precipitation and temperature, can change the hydrological regime, impacting water availability in already stressed watersheds. The predictions indicate ...annual surface temperature increase trends in the Cerrado region. Climate models are essential tools in predicting future climate. To increase the degree of confidence in the projections of these climate models, it is necessary to understand the performance of the models and identify and correct the biases observed in the climate variables simulated by them. This study aimed to evaluate global climate models nested with regional climate models in the simulation of precipitation and average temperature in localities in the Brazilian Cerrado. A comparison of historical data from climate models (Eta-HadGEM2-ES, Eta-MIROC5, Eta-BESM, and Eta-CANESM2) was carried out with data observed at the climatological stations present in the area through statistical metrics. In general, the model with the best statistical fits for precipitation and average temperature in the Cerrado region was Eta-HadGEM2-ES. The Run, Mann-Kendall, Pettitt, and Sen’s slope tests demonstrated that a reduction in precipitation and an increase in temperature are expected in the studied locations in the Cerrado region by the end of the 21st century.
The present work was performed by applying the principal component analysis, in order to compare the water needs of banana, mango, grape, sugarcane, maize and beans crops in different regions of the ...São Francisco river basin, aiming to identify the climate elements that most influence the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) in the locations of Pirapora-MG, Jaíba-MG, Barreiras-BA and Petrolina-PE. In addition, the locations with more similarities, according to the evaluated parameters, were verified by applying cluster analysis, and the equivalence relations between the studied crops were determined by integrating the parameters related to the climatic elements and the characteristics of crops and soils. Based on the principal components analysis, it was observed that the most significant climate elements for ET0 estimation were different for each place. The model with two components explained 90%, 88%, 95% and 97% of the total variance, respectively for the locations of Pirapora, Jaíba, Barreiras and Petrolina. Because it is in a semi-arid climate region, Petrolina showed high crop water needs, a behavior proven with the cluster analysis. The equivalence relations allowed comparing the water needs for the studied crops, providing, in general terms, a parameter comparison between the crops, and specifying which one will be more adequate depending on the water availability in the São Francisco basin.
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the anticipation of evidence (or "early production of evidence") action in disputes between employers and employees within the Brazilian legal system. In ...order to achieve this goal, the paper provides a brief overview of the proceedings, as regulated by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and analyses the jurists' opinion on this topic. It also takes into account, when applicable, the regulation provided by Labor and Employment Procedural Law.
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the anticipation of evidence (or "early production of evidence") action in disputes between employers and employees within the Brazilian legal system. In ...order to achieve this goal, the paper provides a brief overview of the proceedings, as regulated by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and analyses the jurists' opinion on this topic. It also takes into account, when applicable, the regulation provided by Labor and Employment Procedural Law. KEY WORDS: Pre-trial. Anticipation of evidence. Early production of evidence. Labor and Employment Procedural Law. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de estudar a acao de producao antecipada de provas no Direito Processual do Trabalho. Para tanto, parte da analise do instituto tal como regulamentado no Codigo de Processo Civil, analisando os aspectos processuais pertinentes. E feita revisao da literatura especializada sobre o tema, com as devidas adaptacoes, quando necessario, a normatividade aplicavel ao Processo do Trabalho. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Producao antecipada de provas. Acao preparatoria. Processo do trabalho.
The main purpose of this study is to analyze the anticipation of evidence (or “early production of evidence”) action in disputes between employers and employees within the Brazilian legal system. In ...order to achieve this goal, the paper provides a brief overview of the proceedings, as regulated by the Brazilian Code of Civil Procedure and analyses the jurists’ opinion on this topic. It also takes into account, when applicable, the regulation provided by Labor and Employment Procedural Law.
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