We have studied the interaction of the fluorescent lanthanide, terbium(III) (Tb3+), with polynucleotides and linear and superhelical DNA, through employment of mono- and multivalent cations as ...competitive inhibitors. Increasingly effective competitive inhibiton of the Tb3+-nucleic acid interaction was achieved, for the most part, in the cation order monovalent less than divalent less than tetravalent. The divalent cation Cu2+ proved to be an exception to this trend, and was the strongest competitive inhibitor or all cations tested, exhibiting an affinity for Tb3+ binding sites over twice that of Tb3+ itself. Unexpectedly, a narrow range of low sodium ion concentration (8--20 mM) was found to be effective in inducing localized unwinding or unstacking of linear and supercoiled DNA double helices, a phenomenon detectable through the use of both Tb3+ fluorescence enhancement and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Within a similar range of low sodium ion concentration, moreover, histone H1 was substantially more effective in displacing terbium ion from DNA than either histones H2B or H4, but at higher ionic strength, this difference was absent. These results further confirm the sensitivity and specificity of Tb3+ as a conformational probe of nucleic acids.
Recent experiments on TFTR have extended the operating regime of TFTR in both ohmic- and neutral-beam -heated discharges. The TFTR tokamak has reached its original machine-design specifications (Ip = ...2.5 MA and BT = 5.2 T). Initial neutral-beam -heating experiments used up to 6.3 MW of deuterium beams. With the recent installation of two additional beamlines, the power has been increased up to 11 MW. A deuterium pellet injector was used to increase the central density to 2.5 x 1020 m-3 in high-current discharges. At the opposite extreme, by operating at low plasm a current (Ip ~ 0.8 MA) and low density (ne~ 1 x 1019 m-3), high ion temperatures (9 + 2 keV) and rotation speeds (7 x 105 m s-1) have been achieved during injection. In addition, plasma-compression experiments have demonstrated acceleration of beam ions from 82 to 150 keV, in accord with expectations. The wide operating range of TFTR, together with an extensive set of diagnostics and a flexible control system, has facilitated transport and scaling studies of both ohmic- and neutral-beam -heated discharges. The result of these confinement studies are presented.
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