Forest fires are emitting substantial amounts of greenhouse gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere than assumed in state climate targets. It can play an important role in combustible ...environments, such as shrublands, grasslands, and forests, and contribute to climate change. Thus, forest fire, and climate change is intertwined concepts. As vegetation burns, release the carbon stored within them. This is the main reason why large-scale forest fires release atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and hence, are responsible for increasing the rate of climate change to a great extent. It is extremely significant to measure the contribution of global forest fire and emissions trends of greenhouse gases. In this context, continental-scale carbon emissions assessments were primarily attempted using ground-based datasets for forest ecosystem fires. Considerable research has been published employing remote sensing data from coast to coast. While ground-based data are valuable, they have some restrictions that can be overcome by remote sensing. Ground-based fire data are primarily limited to the total burned area, with their completeness changing yearly with the location. Remote sensing can provide additional spatio-temporal fire information to improve fire emission estimates. In this paper, the factors driving forest fire, with a brief discussion on the triangular relationship between fire, land degradation, and climate change, the role of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), machine learning (ML), and a critical overview of state-of-the-art global climate change are presented.
The unprecedented capability to control and characterize materials on the nanometer scale has led to the rapid expansion of nanostructured materials. The expansion of nanotechnology, resulting into ...myriads of consumer and industrial products, causes a concern among the scientific community regarding risk associated with the release of nanomaterials in the environment. Bioavailability of excess nanomaterials ultimately threatens ecosystem and human health. Over the past few years, the field of nanotoxicology dealing with adverse effects and the probable risk associated with particulate structures <100 nm in size has emerged from the recognized understanding of toxic effects of fibrous and non-fibrous particles and their interactions with plants. The present review summarizes uptake, translocation and accumulation of nanomaterials and their recognized ways of phytotoxicity on morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular traits of plants. Besides this, the present review also examines the intrinsic detoxification mechanisms in plants in light of nanomaterial accumulation within plant cells or parts.
•MNPs induce alterations in morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular traits in plants.•Toxicity of nanoparticles on plants depends on various factors, specifically the size of NP, shape, use of carrier, coating and experimental methods.•Nanoparticles are capable of inducing up and/or down-regulation of the marker genes, water transport (aquaporin), formation of the cell wall and the cell division.•The current status and future prospects of MNPs interaction with plants has been discussed.
Understanding the adverse impact of nanoparticles in crop plants has emerged as one of the most interesting fields of plant research. Therefore, this study has been conducted to investigate the ...impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNps) on Pisium sativum seedlings. Besides this, we have also tested whether nitric oxide (NO) is capable of reducing toxicity of AgNps or not. NO has been found as one of the most fascinating molecules, capable of enhancing plant tolerance to different environmental stresses. The results of the present study showed that AgNps treatments (1000 μM and 3000 μM) significantly declined growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence of pea seedlings, which could be correlated with increased accumulation of Ag in root and shoot of pea seedlings. In contrast, addition of SNP (100 μM; a donor of NO) successfully ameliorated AgNp-induced adverse effects on these parameters as it reduced accumulation of Ag and repaired damaged tissues. Levels of oxidative stress markers (SOR, H2O2 and MDA) were enhanced while their levels significantly reduced under SNP addition. AgNps (1000 μM and 3000 μM) significantly stimulated the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) while inhibited activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR). AgNps also considerably declined the total ascorbate and glutathione contents and severely damaged leaf and root anatomical structures. On the other hand, addition of SNP further increased the level of SOD, APX, GR and DHAR and significantly increased the decreased levels of total ascorbate and glutathione contents, and repaired anatomical structures. In conclusion, this study suggests that AgNps treatments adversely decreased growth, pigments and photosynthesis due to enhanced level of Ag and oxidative stress. However, SNP addition successfully ameliorates adverse impact of AgNps on pea seedlings by regulating the Ag uptake, antioxidant system, oxidative stress and anatomical structures of root and shoot.
•AgNps adversely affects growth and photosynthesis in Pisum sativum.•It happens because of enhanced accumulation of AgNps and ROS.•NO (SNP) protects pea seedlings against AgNps by regulating accumulation of Ag and ROS, and antioxidants.
The aim of this work is to demonstrate the possibility of using propellane in designing a molecule that can absorb in three different wavelength regions and their nonlinear optical (NLO) activity can ...be fine‐tuned by varying the three wings. We considered 22 tailor‐made propellane derivatives consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, and biphenyl wings for this purpose. Using the state‐of‐the‐art linear and quadratic response methods within TD‐DFT and RI‐CC2 theories and a suitable generalized few‐state model that quantifies the effect of orientation of different transition moments on NLO properties, we discussed how and why the linear and nonlinear optical activity of propellane vary when the three wings are assembled successively to construct a full‐propellane.
Propellane consists of three wings separated by a saturated common C−C linkage. This makes it an ideal system to design a molecule that can absorb in three different wavelength regions, each corresp‐onding to one of the wings. Additionally, if the wings are chosen to be nonlinear optically active then it can pave a path to design an interesting nonlinear optically active material.
The aim of this paper is to explore how minimal-self impacts the body image, projecting it as a reflection of one's approach toward their health and mental well-being.
The study takes qualitative ...data from two countries India and Germany and draws on a qualitative study of 20 individuals who are involved in some kind of physical activity for a long time. This paper examines the body image perspectives from
showcasing fit and healthy perspectives on
side and projected and superfluous perspectives on
side. The study also provides a model deciphering the rationale for both the reflections.
The body image projection from Snow White perspectives (success & dedication, self-esteem, bodybuilding, and cosmetic surgery) relates to positive reflection of oneself with focus on fitness, discipline, and mental rejuvenation in life. Notably, Evil Queen perspectives (unrealistic makeover, dark side of social media, gain an edge over others, and mental benchmarking with fair skin) reveal these facets as motivators to equip their body as means of physical non-verbal communication assets.
Analysis shows that there is no clear white or black view of health and fitness projection
body image but it's a gray line that gives wholesome fitness either a holistic mental peace or a competitive or success-oriented approach.
The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal rise in nanotechnology research due to its broad range of applications in diverse fields including food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, ...environmental science, catalysis, and medicine. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials (nano-sized particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm) make them uniquely suitable for such wide range of functions. The nanoparticles when manufactured using green synthesis methods are especially desirable being devoid of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals, or addition of external stabilizing or capping agents. Numerous plants and microorganisms are being experimented upon for an eco–friendly, cost–effective, and biologically safe process optimization. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the green synthesis of metallic NPs using plants and microorganisms, factors affecting the synthesis, and characterization of synthesized NPs. The potential applications of metal NPs in various sectors have also been highlighted along with the major challenges involved with respect to toxicity and translational research.
Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge field of science with the potential to revolutionize today's technological advances including industrial applications. It is being utilized for the welfare of ...mankind; but at the same time, the unprecedented use and uncontrolled release of nanomaterials into the environment poses enormous threat to living organisms. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in several industries and its continuous release may hamper many physiological and biochemical processes in the living organisms including autotrophs and heterotrophs. The present review gives a concentric know-how of the effects of AgNPs on the lower and higher autotrophic plants as well as on heterotrophic microbes so as to have better understanding of the differences in effects among these two groups. It also focuses on the mechanism of uptake, translocation, accumulation in the plants and microbes, and resulting toxicity as well as tolerance mechanisms by which these microorganisms are able to survive and reduce the effects of AgNPs. This review differentiates the impact of silver nanoparticles at various levels between autotrophs and heterotrophs and signifies the prevailing tolerance mechanisms. With this background, a comprehensive idea can be made with respect to the influence of AgNPs on lower and higher autotrophic plants together with heterotrophic microbes and new insights can be generated for the researchers to understand the toxicity and tolerance mechanisms of AgNPs in plants and microbes.
Purpose: The surgical technique of periglandular 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) injection and its effects on the morphology and function of the main lacrimal gland of patients with severe dry eye disease due ...to Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are reported. Methods: 5-FU, as a potential antifibrotic agent, is given in the dose of 0.1 ml (50 mg/ml), subconjunctivally into the periglandular fibrosed area of the palpebral lobe of the main lacrimal gland. The injection is given using 30G needle into the subconjunctival plane and not into the substance of palpebral lobe. Results: Eight eyes (eight lobes) of seven chronic SJS patients (mean age, 32.5 years, <5 mm Schirmer) received the injection. All eight lobes demonstrated a visible reduction in the conjunctival congestion and scarring over the lobar area. The mean OSDI scoring improved from 65.3 to 51.1. Three patients with mean pre-injection Schirmer I values of 4 mm showed a mean change of 1 mm at four weeks following a single injection. The tear flow rate per lobe for the above three patients improved from 0.22, 0.12, and 0.16 μl/min to 0.31, 0.12, and 0.21 μl/min, respectively. Another patient with pre-injection Schirmer of 4 mm showed no change in tear flow. Three eyes with zero baseline Schirmer values (no visible secretory opening) had no improvement in tearing or ocular surface staining. Conclusion: Local 5-FU injection alters morphology of the conjunctiva overlying the palpebral lobe in SJS patients, but fails to show any significant effect on tear secretion.
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