Saccharides and biocompounds as saccharide (sugar) complexes have various roles and biological functions in living organisms due to modifications via nucleophilic substitution, polymerization, and ...complex formation reactions. Mostly, mono‐, di‐, oligo‐, and polysaccharides are stabilized to inactive glycosides, which are formed in metabolic pathways. Natural saccharides are important in food and environmental monitoring. Glycosides with various functionalities are significant in clinical and medical research. Saccharides are often studied with the chromatographic methods of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and anion exchange chromatograpy, but also with capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry with their on‐line coupling systems. Sample preparation is important in the identification of saccharide compounds. The cases discussed here focus on bioscience, clinical, and food applications.
Phenolics and extracted phenolic compounds of Scots pine (
Pinus sylvestris
) and Norway spruce (
Picea abies
) show antibacterial activity against several bacteria. The majority of phenolic ...compounds are stilbenes, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, and lignans that are biosynthesized in the wood through the phenylpropanoid pathway. In Scots pine (
P. sylvestris
), the most abundant phenolic and antibacterial compounds are pinosylvin-type stilbenes and flavonol- and dihydroflavonol-type flavonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and taxifolin and their derivatives. In Norway spruce (
P. abies
) on the other hand, the main stilbene is resveratrol and the major flavonoids are quercetin and myricetin. In general, when the results from the literature regarding the activities of flavonoid glycosides and their aglycones against a total of twenty-one microorganisms are summarized, it was found that phenolic glycosides are less active than the corresponding aglycones, although a number of exceptions are also known. The aglycones in plants respond to various kinds of biotic stress. Synergistic effects between aglycones and their glycosides have been observed. Minimum inhibition concentrations of below 10 mg L
−1
against bacteria have been reported for gallic acid, apigenin, and several methylated and acylated flavonols present in these industrially important trees. In general, the phenolic compounds are more active against Gram-positive bacteria, but apigenin is reported to exhibit strong activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The present review lists some of the biosynthesis pathways for the antibacterial phenolic metabolites found in Scots pine (
P. sylvestris
) and Norway spruce (
P. abies
). The antimicrobial activity of the compounds is collected and compared to gather information about the most effective secondary metabolites.
Advances in lipidomics Avela, Henri F.; Sirén, Heli
Clinica chimica acta,
November 2020, 2020-11-00, 20201101, Letnik:
510
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
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•Compilation of the recent literature on clinical samples.•Presentation of the accurate methodology.•Sample preparation.•Information on separation and identification of neutral, ...hydrophobic and hydrophilic lipids.•Compilation of current statistical methods used in mass spectrometry of glycero-, glycerophospho- and sphingolipids.
The present article examines recently published literature on lipids, mainly focusing on research involving glycero-, glycerophospho- and sphingo-lipids. The primary aim is identification of distinct profiles in biologic lipidomic systems by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS, tandem MS) with multivariate data analysis. This review specifically targets lipid biomarkers and disease pathway mechanisms in humans and artificial targets. Different specimen matrices such as primary blood derivatives (plasma, serum, erythrocytes, and blood platelets), faecal matter, urine, as well as biologic tissues (liver, lung and kidney) are highlighted.
The review concentrates on the properties of analytical and statistical ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) – mass spectrometric (MS) methods suitable for glycero-, glycerophospho- ...and sphingolipids in lipidomics published between the years 2017–2019. Trends and fluctuations of conventional and nano-UHPLC methods with MS and tandem MS detection were observed in context of analysis conditions and tools used for data-analysis.
Whereas general workflow characteristics are agreed upon, more details related to the chromatographic methodology (i.e. stationary and mobile phase conditions) need evidently agreements. Lipid quantitation relies upon isotope-labelled standards in targeted analyses and fully standardless algorithm-based untargeted analyses. Furthermore, a wide spectrum of setups have shown potential for the elucidation of complex and large datasets by minimizing the risks of systematic misinterpretation like false positives. This kind of evaluation was shown to have increased importance and usage for cross-validation and data-analysis.
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•Method development and application enhancements in lipidomics.•The review sums up chemometric and statistical methods for current lipidomics.•State of the art data collection and evaluation is discussed.•Identification/quantitation of biological lipids.•Tandem MS data-independent and data-dependent analysis.
Capillary electrophoresis was used for determination of inorganic alkali and alkali earth metal cations, inorganic anions, anions of organic acids, and carbohydrates in six Pinot Noir grape red ...wines. Spectrum analysis was applied to evaluate the possible chemical differences between the wines from different geographic origin. In addition, sensory evaluation was used to reveal differences between wines from the end user point of view. Both chemical analyses and the sensory evaluation revealed clear differences among the wine samples. The total concentrations of inorganic ions, carboxylate anions, and carbohydrates varied 1.9–3.1
g
L
−1, 4.3–5.5
g
L
−1, and 1.5–7.5
g
L
−1, respectively. Although the grape was same in all samples, the results show considerable variations in chemical composition, the red wine from Tasmanian being the most different among samples.
•The results list steroids in drinking water of old centre and new suburb areas in Helsinki City.•Few female and male steroids with their precursor were selected for the study.•Two micelle aided CE ...methods allowed metabolite separation of the steroids.•SPE was used to make the concentrates of water samples at ng/L - mg/L level.•Differences in steroid amounts were observed between locations points.
The research was done with partial filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography, microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. The study focuses on determination of male and female steroids from cold and hot tap water of households in Helsinki City. The district´s raw water is made run from Päijänne Lake through a water tunnel to the purification plants in Helsinki area. The effluents delivered from the plants to households as tap water were sampled and used for the study. They were concentrated with solid phase extraction to exceed the detection limits of the three methods. With partial filling method the limits were 0.50, 0.48, 0.33, and 0.50 mg/L for androsterone, testosterone, progesterone, and testosterone-glucuronide, respectively. In microemulsion method the limit values were 1.33, 1.11, and 0.40 mg/L for androsterone, testosterone, and progesterone, respectively, and 0.83, 0.45, and 0.50 mg/L for hydrocortisone, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17-α-methyltestosterone, respectively.
In the tap water samples, progesterone concentrations represented the highest values being 0.22 and 1.18 ng/L in cold and hot water, respectively. They also contained testosterone (in all samples), its glucuronide metabolite (in 25% of the samples), and androstenedione (in 75% of the samples). The ultra-high liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection was used for identification of the steroids at µg/L level.
A novel analytical-scale concept to improve reliability of detection and analysis of natural and processed wastewater samples from a purification plant was developed. A sequential sample clean-up ...system of polymer-based octadecyl and silane-based quaternary amine sorbents were used for concentrating human based steroid hormones and their metabolites and detecting them by UV absorption with capillary electrophoresis (CE). The water samples were collected from influent and effluent processes of the water purification plant in Helsinki, Finland.
The CE methods were partial-filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. The analysis times and method concentration levels were optimized with eight steroids at the range of 0.5–10 mg/L. Since in CE the detectable quantities were higher than the existing amounts in the process waters, the real samples needed matrix removal combined with steroid enrichment. After 20,000-fold concentration testosterone-glucoside, androstenedione, progesterone, and estradiol-glucoside could be determined in the process water samples. The amounts of individual steroids in influent and effluent waters were 0–429 and 0–207 ng/L, respectively. Correspondently, their total amounts were 735 and 212 ng/L with excellent in day and inter-day repeatability. The RSD values were less than 1, 9.7, and 19% in repeated analyses, calculated from 60 analyses during 24 h, and from 130 analyses during 15 months, respectively. The steroid removal in purification process was 65% on average. The solid particles separated in three steps during the water clean-up concept contained 9.8–45 ng/g steroids in combined dry precipitates.
The present article describes a capillary zone electrophoresis method which relies on a multilayered water‐alkali solvent stacking with online ionization to enhance detection of mannose, arabinose, ...and their oligosaccharides, which are used as the migration profile standards but are also the distinctive structural components of lipoarabinomannan. Lipoarabinomannan is detected in patients having tuberculosis. The capillary electrophoresis method with ionization of the whole saccharides without degradation in alkaline solution inside the capillary is based on the structural deprotonation of the molecules under ultrahigh pH conditions. The validation of the capillary electrophoresis parameters revealed that the 15‐fold electrolyte–water‐injection plug allowed detection of one‐third lower concentrations than detected without online concentration. For the first time, the better detectability was seen especially for highly polymerized, but otherwise poorly ionized, arabinooctaose. The applicability of the method for detecting whole large biological saccharide complexes was confirmed by the glycolipid lipoarabinomannan. For the first time also, the migration of the indestructible lipoarabinomannan was detected together with oligosaccharides used representing the capping units, namely mannose, mannobiose, and mannotriose. The myo‐inositol‐phosphate‐lipid unit was seen to migrate separately from the arabinomannan, since it was hydrolyzed from one lipoarabinomannan product under alkaline conditions in capillary electrophoresis.
Carbohydrate analysis is an important source of the information required for understanding and control of pulp and paper processes. The behavior of cellulose and hemicelluloses in the process, ...carbohydrate–lignin interactions, and the enzymatic treatment of fibers are examples of situations for which reliable, fast, qualitative, and quantitative methods are required. New uses of lignocellulosic material have further increased the need for carbohydrate analysis. This review collates and summarizes the most important findings and approaches in the analysis of wood-based carbohydrates by use of capillary zone electrophoresis and provides an analysis of the effect of different conditions on the separation, showing the advantages and limitations of the methods used. It provides guidelines for achieving higher quality and improved separation efficiency in carbohydrate analysis.
Figure
Kraft pulping process and future possibilities for hemicellulose recovery
Partial-filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (PF-MEKC) with UV detection was applied for determination of human-based steroids in water samples of Finnish wastewater treatment ...plants. The samples were purified with solid-phase extraction (SPE) on octadecyl substituted polymer sorbents obtaining analyte enrichment of 20,000-fold. The steroids studied were androgens, estrogens, and progesterone. Three of the steroids could be quantified with the PF-MEKC method. The detection and quantification limits were 0.05-1.06 μg/mL and 0.15-3.2 μg/mL, meaning in the SPE concentrates as 2.5-53 pg/L and 7.5-160 pg/L, respectively. In the influent waters, the total amount of testosterone glucuronide, androstenedione, and progesterone was up to 350 ng/L. In effluent water samples the total steroid quantity was maximum at 320 ng/L. Remarkably high quantity of androstenedione was quantified in both influent and effluent water samples. The cleanest effluent waters were produced in Western Finland. Correspondingly, the highest quantities were located near the largest lake and river areas in South-Eastern Finland. The concentration variation in effluent waters was explained with differences in the purification materials and processes at the plants and with steroid adsorption on soil and organic material suspended into water.
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