Our objective is to provide an optimistic strategy for reversing soil degradation by increasing public and private research efforts to understand the role of soil biology, particularly microbiology, ...on the health of our world's soils. We begin by defining soil quality/soil health (which we consider to be interchangeable terms), characterizing healthy soil resources, and relating the significance of soil health to agroecosystems and their functions. We examine how soil biology influences soil health and how biological properties and processes contribute to sustainability of agriculture and ecosystem services. We continue by examining what can be done to manipulate soil biology to: (i) increase nutrient availability for production of high yielding, high quality crops; (ii) protect crops from pests, pathogens, weeds; and (iii) manage other factors limiting production, provision of ecosystem services, and resilience to stresses like droughts. Next we look to the future by asking what needs to be known about soil biology that is not currently recognized or fully understood and how these needs could be addressed using emerging research tools. We conclude, based on our perceptions of how new knowledge regarding soil biology will help make agriculture more sustainable and productive, by recommending research emphases that should receive first priority through enhanced public and private research in order to reverse the trajectory toward global soil degradation.
Few studies have explored potential associations between polyvictimization and cybervictimization and even fewer have involved in college-age sample. As it has been shown in the literature, ...polyvictimization is associated with higher psychological distress and lower resilience. This study is aimed to model the association between polyvictimization and cybervictimization by testing the mediating role of psychological distress and resilience. The sample included 4,626 undergraduates from France. Participants completed questionnaires assessing cybervictimization, polyvictimization (emotional abuse from parents, exposure to interparental violence, parental neglect, unwanted sexual touching, and unwanted sexual intercourse), psychological distress, and resilience. Results show that each form of victimization considered was significantly associated with cybervictimization. Also, polyvictimized participants presented higher prevalence of cybervictimization. The association between polyvictimization and cybervictimization was partially mediated positively by psychological distress and negatively by resilience. In fact, more cybervictimization was observed among polyvictimized participants with a high score of psychological distress, whereas fewer cybervictimization was observed in those with a high score of resilience. This study provides a new understanding of the mechanisms involved in cybervictimization that can help to better prevent and intervene with victims. Our results suggest that mental health professionals should assess childhood experiences of victimization when they are working with cybervictims. They also suggest the need for mental health professionals to help both polyvictimized and cybervictimized youth to develop resilience skills and coping strategies.
High levels of cancer aneuploidy are frequently associated with poor prognosis. To examine the relationship between aneuploidy and cancer progression, we analyzed a series of congenic cell lines that ...harbor single extra chromosomes. We found that across 13 different trisomic cell lines, 12 trisomies suppressed invasiveness or were largely neutral, while a single trisomy increased metastatic behavior by triggering a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, we discovered that chromosomal instability activates cGAS/STING signaling but strongly suppresses invasiveness. By analyzing patient copy-number data, we demonstrate that specific aneuploidies are associated with distinct outcomes, and the acquisition of certain aneuploidies is in fact linked with a favorable prognosis. Thus, aneuploidy is not a uniform driver of malignancy, and different aneuploidies can uniquely influence tumor progression. At the same time, the gain of a single chromosome is capable of inducing a profound cell state transition, thereby linking genomic plasticity, phenotypic plasticity, and metastasis.
•A trisomy increases metastatic behavior in colon cancer cells by inducing a partial EMT•Chromosomal instability activates cGAS/STING signaling but suppresses invasiveness•Whole-chromosome aneuploidies show strong correlations with prognosis across cancers
Tumors often display chromosome copy-number changes that have poorly understood effects on cancer physiology. Vasudevan et al. demonstrate that different aneuploidies have distinct effects on invasive behavior and that specific aneuploidies are tightly correlated with clinical outcomes. They also reveal that chromosomal instability can profoundly suppress metastatic dissemination.
•The prevalence of cybervictimization is important among college students in France.•Cybervictimization and psychological distress are both associated with suicidality among college-age ...students.•Psychological distress presents a complete mediation effect on the association between cybervictmization and suicidality.•In our mediated model, emotional abuse from parents also predict suicidality among college students.
Most of the scientific literature on cyberbullying and psychosocial consequences associated is based on samples of adolescents. Also, despite their contributions, the few studies with emerging adults were conducted with small or single-site samples. The present study aimed to document the prevalence of cyberbullying among college students in France and the association between cybervictimization, psychological distress and suicidality.
The sample included 4 626 French undergraduates. Participants answered to a cyberbullying scale that measured the frequency of victimization and distress associated. Suicidal ideations and attempts and emotional abuse from parents were also assessed.
The prevalence of cybervictimization was higher in male students than female students. Cybervictims of both genders reported more suicidal ideations and suicidal attempts than non-victims. Mediated model shows a complete mediation effect of psychological distress associated to cybervictimization on the relationship between cyberbullying and suicidality.
The study relied on a cross-sectional design, and as such it is impossible to observe neither developmental trajectories of cybervictimization, nor the causality between the variables. Also, a more comprehensive questionnaire assessing different forms of cybervictimization would have allowed to examine further forms of cybervictimization and their impacts.
This study with a large sample leads to important cues for prevention and intervention programs. It highlights that cyberbullying is not only an adolescence concern; but also a young adult issue associated with negative consequences.
New York City's (NYC) Correctional Health Services has introduced specialized treatment units for patients with serious mental illness in the NYC jail system. With multidisciplinary mental health ...staffing and a coordinated approach with NYC's Department of Correction, these units expand therapeutic options for patients vulnerable to clinical instability and physical harm, including those at high risk of psychiatric medication nonadherence and those returning to jail from psychiatric hospitalization. This study evaluated the extent to which these units improve clinical outcomes for this population.
This retrospective, observational cohort study included adult males with serious mental illness with a length of jail stay of ≥14 days between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2018. Patients on treatment units were matched with patients of similar characteristics (control group) by using propensity score matching (N=302 pairs). Rates of self-injury, injury due to violence, and psychiatric medication adherence were analyzed.
Most patients on treatment units had diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (81%), and most had a violent felony as their most severe charge (68%). Compared with patients in a control group, those on the treatment units had lower rates per 100 person-days of injury due to violence at 30 and 60 days (0.04, 95% confidence interval CI=0.02-0.07, and 0.03, 95% CI=0.02-0.06, respectively) and higher mean medication adherence (77% versus 55%, p<0.001). They also experienced lower rates of self-injury, although the difference was not statistically significant.
Initial outcomes indicate substantial benefits to patients, demonstrating the value of a rehabilitative approach to psychiatric care in jail.
Adolescents in a dating relationship can interact anytime using information and communication technologies. Yet, despite associated potential benefits, this availability of means to reach out to ...their partner may also exacerbate possible conflictual exchanges, including dating violence through technology. This study aimed to document the prevalence of cyber dating violence (CDV) victimization and perpetration among teenagers. It also explored self-esteem and psychological distress in participants having been perpetrators, victims, or perpetrator-victims, compared with those not having experienced CDV.
The sample comprised 190 teenagers from a small urban area who completed the K10 psychological distress scale, the Self-Description Questionnaire, which measures self-esteem, and the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire, which measures the prevalence of CDV victimization and perpetration.
Our results suggest no gender difference in the prevalence of CDV victimization (35.8%), perpetration (33.0%), or the high co-occurrence rate of victimization and perpetration (27.2%) in the last 12 months. When age and gender were controlled for, cyber dating violence was found to be associated with low self-esteem and psychological distress in teenagers. Cyberperpetration was also associated with higher self-esteem.
The cross-sectional design precludes any conclusion about the sequencing of the variables. Reliance on a convenience sample also represents a limitation of the study.
CDV is associated with low self-esteem and psychological distress in teenagers. Dating violence prevention programs should include issues related to CDV, considering its high prevalence, conceptual proximity to psychological violence, and relationship with psychological distress and low self esteem.
•Cyberperpetration was associated with higher self-esteem.•Cyber dating violence was related to low self-esteem and psychological distress.•Results suggest no gender difference in the prevalence of cyber dating violence.•Victimization subtypes were linked to psychological distress and low self-esteem.•No perpetration subtypes were related to psychological distress or low self esteem.
The maize genome, with its large complement of transposons and repeats, is a paradigm for the study of epigenetic mechanisms such as paramutation and imprinting. Here, we present the genome-wide map ...of cytosine methylation for two maize inbred lines, B73 and Mo17. CG (65%) and CHG (50%) methylation (where H = A, C, or T) is highest in transposons, while CHH (5%) methylation is likely guided by 24-nt, but not 21-nt, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Correlations with methylation patterns suggest that CG methylation in exons (8%) may deter insertion of Mutator transposon insertion, while CHG methylation at splice acceptor sites may inhibit RNA splicing. Using the methylation map as a guide, we used low-coverage sequencing to show that parental methylation differences are inherited by recombinant inbred lines. However, frequent methylation switches, guided by siRNA, persist for up to eight generations, suggesting that epigenetic inheritance resembling paramutation is much more common than previously supposed. The methylation map will provide an invaluable resource for epigenetic studies in maize.
The isothiourea-catalyzed enantioselective 1,6-conjugate addition of
-nitrophenyl esters to 2,6-disubstituted
-quinone methides is reported.
-Nitrophenoxide, generated in situ from initial
-acylation ...of the isothiourea by the
-nitrophenyl ester, is proposed to facilitate catalyst turnover in this transformation. A range of
-nitrophenyl ester products can be isolated, or derivatized in situ by addition of benzylamine to give amides at up to 99% yield. Although low diastereocontrol is observed, the diastereoisomeric ester products are separable and formed with high enantiocontrol (up to 94:6 er).
The omentum is a visceral adipose tissue rich in fat-associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs) that collects peritoneal contaminants and provides a first layer of immunological defense within the abdomen. ...Here, we investigated the mechanisms that mediate the capture of peritoneal contaminants during peritonitis. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial analysis of omental stromal cells revealed that the surface of FALCs were covered by CXCL1+ mesothelial cells, which we termed FALC cover cells. Blockade of CXCL1 inhibited the recruitment and aggregation of neutrophils at FALCs during zymosan-induced peritonitis. Inhibition of protein arginine deiminase 4, an enzyme important for the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, abolished neutrophil aggregation and the capture of peritoneal contaminants by omental FALCs. Analysis of omental samples from patients with acute appendicitis confirmed neutrophil recruitment and bacterial capture at FALCs. Thus, specialized omental mesothelial cells coordinate the recruitment and aggregation of neutrophils to capture peritoneal contaminants.
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•Specialized Cxcl13+ mesothelial cells cover the surface of FALCs and secrete CXCL1•CXCL1 mediates the recruitment of neutrophils to omental FALCs during peritonitis•PAD4-dependent neutrophil aggregates mediate the capture of zymosan by the omentum•Neutrophils form NETs on the omentum of patients with appendicitis
For decades, the omentum has been known as the policeman of the abdomen. Jackson-Jones et al. reveal the existence of specialized mesothelial cells within fat-associated lymphoid clusters of the omentum that are responsible for the capture of peritoneal contaminants via the formation of neutrophil aggregates, preventing systemic spread.
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