Gradually changing respiratory rate (RR) during time to reduce ventilation-induced lung injury has not been investigated. The authors hypothesized that gradual, compared with abrupt, increments in RR ...would mitigate ventilation-induced lung injury and that recruitment maneuver before abruptly increasing RR may prevent injurious biologic impact.
Twenty-four hours after intratracheal administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, 49 male Wistar rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated (tidal volume, 6 ml/kg; positive end-expiratory pressure, 3 cm H2O) with RR increase patterns as follows (n = 7 per group): (1) control 1, RR = 70 breaths/min for 2 h; (2) and (3) abrupt increases of RR for 1 and 2 h, respectively, both for 2 h; (4) shorter RR adaptation, gradually increasing RR (from 70 to 130 breaths/min during 30 min); (5) longer RR adaptation, more gradual increase in RR (from 70 to 130 breaths/min during 60 min), both for 2 h; (6) control 2, abrupt increase of RR maintained for 1 h; and (7) control 3, recruitment maneuver (continuous positive airway pressure, 30 cm H2O for 30 s) followed by control-2 protocol.
At the end of 1 h of mechanical ventilation, cumulative diffuse alveolar damage scores were lower in shorter (11.0 8.0 to 12.0) and longer (13.0 11.0 to 14.0) RR adaptation groups than in animals with abrupt increase of RR for 1 h (25.0 22.0 to 26.0, P = 0.035 and P = 0.048, respectively) and 2 h (35.0 32.0 to 39.0, P = 0.003 and P = 0.040, respectively); mechanical power and lung heterogeneity were lower, and alveolar integrity was higher, in the longer RR adaptation group compared with abruptly adjusted groups; markers of lung inflammation (interleukin-6), epithelial (club cell secretory protein CC-16) and endothelial cell damage (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 VCAM-1) were higher in both abrupt groups, but not in either RR adaptation group, compared with controls. Recruitment maneuver prevented the increase in VCAM-1 and CC-16 gene expressions in the abruptly increased RR groups.
In mild experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome in rats, gradually increasing RR, compared with abruptly doing so, can mitigate the development of ventilation-induced lung injury. In addition, recruitment maneuver prevented the injurious biologic impact of abrupt increases in RR.
Background
Malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) is a frequent complication in advanced cancer patients and especially those with abdominal tumors. The clinical management of MBO requires a specific and ...individualized approach based on the disease prognosis. Surgery is recommended. Less invasive approaches such as endoscopic treatments should be considered when surgery is contraindicated. The priority of care for inoperable and consolidated MBO is to control the symptoms and promote the maximum level of comfort.
Objectives
This study aimed to develop recommendations for the effective management of MBO.
Methods
A questionnaire was administered to all members of the Brazilian Society of Surgical Oncology, of whom 41 surgeons participated in the survey. A literature review of studies retrieved from the National Library of Medicine database was conducted on particular topics chosen by the participants. These topics addressed questions regarding the MBO management, to define the level of evidence and strength of each recommendation, and an adapted version of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Health Service rating system was used.
Results
Most aspects of the medical approach and management strategies reviewed were strongly recommended by the participants.
Conclusions
Guidelines outlining the strategies for management MBO were developed based on the strongest evidence available in the literature.
In this work, we developed an eco-friendly methodology for quantification and identification of adulteration in the fat content of chicken hamburgers by combining color histograms (in RGB, HSI, and ...Grayscale channels) obtained from digital images and chemometric tools. For this, 74 samples of chicken hamburgers with a fat content of 14.27–47.55% (w w−1) were studied, taking into account adulterations with a fat content higher than 20% (w w−1), as limited by Argentinean legislation. In both quantitative and qualitative approaches, chemometric models containing HSI histograms achieved the best results, because this is very suitable in situations where there is a need to separate the chromaticity from the intensity. In other words, the opacity of the sample surfaces increases with increasing fat content. PLS/HSI achieved the best quantification result with a R2 of 0.95, RMSEP of 2.01% w w−1, REP of 7.26% w w−1 and RPD of 4.47 in the prediction set, while SPA-LDA/Grayscale + HSI reached the most satisfactory in the test set with only one misclassified sample. Therefore, the proposed methodologies represent excellent alternatives to conventional Soxhlet extraction method, since they follow the primary principles of Green Analytical Chemistry, avoiding waste generation, besides not using either chemical reagents or solvents.
•Adulteration in the fat content of chicken hamburgers under study.•An eco-friendly methodology based on digital images is proposed.•Chemometric models containing HSI histograms achieved the best results.•For quantification, PLS/HSI achieved a relative error of prediction of 7.26% w w−1.•For classification, SPA-LDA/Grayscale + HSI misclassified only one test sample.
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•Identification of different wood types used in the aging process of cachaças;•Adulterations with wood extracts under study.•An eco-friendly methodology based on digital images is ...proposed;•Classifications using PCA-LDA, PCA-QDA, KNN, PLS-DA, SPA-LDA and SPA-QDA.•SPA-LDA obtained the best results in terms of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.
Cachaça is a sugarcane-derived alcoholic spirit exclusively produced in Brazil. It can be aged in barrels made from different types of wood, similar to other distilled beverages. The choice of wood type promotes different effects on color, flavor, aroma and consequently the price of cachaça, favoring fraudulent activities. This paper proposes the simultaneous identification of different wood types in aged cachaças and their adulterations with wood extracts using a digital-image based methodology employing color histograms obtained from digital images associated with pattern recognition methods, without any sample preparation step. Linear Discriminant Analysis, coupled with Successive Projections Algorithm for variable selection (SPA-LDA), obtained the best results, reaching accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity rates higher than 90.0% in the test set. This can be a rapid and reliable tool to prevent fraudulent labeling; ensuring that what is on the label reflects the quality of aged cachaças, affording security to consumers and regulatory agencies.
The monitoring of total suspended (TSS) and settleable (SetS) solids in wastewater is essential to maintain the quality parameters for aquatic biota because they can transport pollutants and block ...light penetration. Determining them by their respective reference methods, however, is laborious, expensive, and time consuming. To overcome this, we developed a new analytical instrument called Solids in Wastewater's Machine Vision-based Automatic Analyzer (SWAMVA), which is equiped with an automatic sampler and a software for real-time digital movie capture to quantify sequentially the TSS and SetS contents in wastewater samples. The machine vision algorithm (MVA) coupled with the Red color plane (derived from color histograms in the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) system) showed the best prediction results with R2 of 0.988 and 0.964, and relative error of prediction (REP) of 6.133 and 9.115% for TSS and SetS, respectively. The constructed models were validated by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the accuracy and precision of the predictions by the t- and F-tests, respectively, at a 0.05 significance level. The elliptical joint confidence region (EJCR) test confirmed the accuracy, while the coefficient of variation (CV) of 6.529 and 10.908% confirmed the good precisions, respectively. Compared with the reference method (Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater), the proposed method reduced the analysis volume from 1.5 L to just 15 mL and the analysis time from 12 h to 24 s per sample. Therefore, SWAMVA can be considered an important alternative to the determination of TSS and SetS in wastewater as an automatic, fast, and low-cost analytical tool, following the principles of Green Chemistry and exploiting Industry 4.0 features such as intelligent processing, miniaturization, and machine vision.
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•A machine vision-based instrument for solids analysis in wastewater is presented.•The analytical signal is derived from a digital video recorded by a webcam.•A fast, accurate and low cost method for solids analysis in wastewater was developed.•The suspended and settleable solids analysis time was reduced from 12 h to 24s.•The sample volume used in this method was reduced from 1.5 L to 15 mL
Instant coffee, like any other food product, is subject to deterioration over time, leading to changes in flavor, aroma, and texture. Additionally, the process of decaffeination can also impact its ...overall sensory characteristics and shelf-life. In this work, UV–Vis spectroscopy (simulating a homemade coffee cup) and a portable NIR spectrometer (for direct non-destructive analysis) were used to authenticate the shelf-life and decaffeination process of instant coffee samples using Data-Driven Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy (DD-SIMCA). For both the authentication approaches, the best results were achieved with sensitivities between 95.0 and 97.1% in the training set, while sensitivities and specificities between 96.2 and 100% were obtained in the test set. Thus, by authenticating the shelf-life and decaffeination process, manufacturers can guarantee that consumers are enjoying a product at its peak freshness and quality, besides providing an additional analytical tool to prevent the ingestion of high levels of caffeine due to its potential health risks in the case of authenticating non-expired decaffeinated instant coffee samples. Therefore, this proposed methodology can contribute to consumer safety, fosters brand reputation, ensures regulatory compliance, and enhances efficiency of production and distribution. Moreover, it can help to plan inventory management, reduce waste, and minimize financial losses, which benefit both the manufacturers and the environment, contributing to sustainability practices.
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•Authentication of the shelf-life and decaffeination process of instant coffees.•DD-SIMCA one-class modeling of UV–Vis and NIR spectral fingerprint signatures.•Sensitivities of 97.9 and 100% for authenticating non-expired samples (test set).•Specificities of 100 and 96.2% for authenticating non-expired samples (test set).•Sensitivity and specificity of 100% for authenticating test decaffeinated samples.
•Occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. was investigated in wild animals, domestic dogs and their respective ectoparasites in southern Pantanal, Brazil.•A high prevalence of Hepatozoon among carnivores (C. ...thous, dogs, N. nasua and L. pardalis) was found.•Wild carnivores, rodents and domestic dogs sampled in southern Pantanal seemed not to share the same Hepatozoon species.•The real role of arthropods Hepatozoon transmission cycles in southern Pantanal remains unknown;•Hepatozoon haplotypes found circulating in wild rodents seems to present a higher degree of polymorphisms when compared to those found in other groups of animals.•Rodents in Pantanal region may play a role in the routes of transmission to reptiles and amphibians by ectoparasites or by predation.
Hepatozoon parasites comprise intracellular apicomplexan parasites transmitted to vertebrate animals by ingestion of arthropods definitive hosts. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of Hepatozoon spp. in wild animals, domestic dogs and their respective ectoparasites, in southern Pantanal region, central-western Brazil, by molecular techniques. Between August 2013 and March 2015, 31 coatis (Nasua nasua), 78 crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), seven ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), 42 dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), 110 wild rodents (77 Thichomys fosteri, 25 Oecomys mamorae, and 8 Clyomys laticeps), 30 marsupials (14 Thylamys macrurus, 11 Gracilinanus agilis, 4 Monodelphis domestica and 1 Didelphis albiventris), and 1582 ticks and 80 fleas collected from the sampled animals were investigated. DNA samples were submitted to PCR assays for Hepatozoon spp. targeting 18S rRNA gene. Purified amplicons were directly sequenced and submitted to phylogenetic analysis. A high prevalence of Hepatozoon among carnivores (C. thous 91.02%, dogs 45.23%, N. nasua 41.9% and L. pardalis 71.4%) was found. However, ticks and fleas were negative to Hepatozoon PCR assays. By phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA sequences, Hepatozoon sequences amplified from crab-eating foxes, dogs, coatis and ocelots clustered with sequences of H. canis, H. americanum and H. felis. The closely related positioning of Hepatozoon sequences amplified from wild rodents and T. macrurus marsupial to Hepatozoon from reptiles and amphibians suggest a possible transmission of those Hepatozoon species between hosts by ectoparasites or by predation. Hepatozoon haplotypes found circulating in wild rodents seem to present a higher degree of polymorphism when compared to those found in other groups of animals. Although rodents seem not to participate as source of Hepatozoon infection to wild carnivores and domestic dogs, they may play an important role in the transmission of Hepatozoon to reptiles and amphibians in Pantanal biome.
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•A chemometrics-assisted color histogram-based system used for green food analysis.•Digital image-based fingerprint signatures used as analytical information.•Identification of goat ...milk adulteration by adding cow milk.•One-class classification models by OC-PLS and DD-SIMCA were compared.•RGB/DD-SIMCA model had the highest sensitivity specificity and efficiency rates.
This work used a chemometrics-assisted color histogram-based analytical system (CACHAS) as a low-cost alternative analytical tool for the authentication of goat milk in terms of its adulteration with cow milk. For this fingerprint signatures using Grayscale RGB (red–greenblue) and HSI (hue-saturation-intensity) histograms were explored as analytical information. Then One-Class Partial Least Squares (OC-PLS) and Data-Driven Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (DD-SIMCA) were employed as one-class classifiers. The best result was obtained by the RGB/DD-SIMCA model correctly classifying all pure goat milk and adulterated samples in the test set. This differentiation is favored by the presence of carotenoids in cow milk having a slightly yellowish color while goats convert β-carotene to retinol. Thus considering the complexity of the raw materials and the accessibility of the developed methodology the proposed CACHAS method stands advantageously out by finding the principles of green food analysis for screening the authenticity of goat milk.
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