High spatial resolution monolithic pixel detector in SOI technology Bugiel, R.; Bugiel, S.; Dannheim, D. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2021, Letnik:
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This paper presents test-beam results of monolithic pixel detector prototypes fabricated in 200 nm Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) CMOS technology studied in the context of high spatial resolution ...performance. The tested detectors were fabricated on a 500 μm thick high-resistivity Floating Zone type n (FZ-n) wafer and on a 300 μm Double SOI Czochralski type p (DSOI Cz-p) wafer. The pixel size is 30 μm×30 μm and two different front-end electronics architectures were tested, a source follower and a charge-sensitive preamplifier. The test-beam data analyses were focused mainly on determination of the spatial resolution and the hit detection efficiency. In this work different cluster formation and position reconstruction methods are studied. In particular, a generalization of the standard η-correction adapted for arbitrary cluster sizes, is introduced. The obtained results give in the best case a spatial resolution of about 1.5 μm for the FZ-n wafer and about 3.0 μm for the DSOI Cz-p wafer, both detectors showing detection efficiency above 99.5%.
The CLIC Tracker Detector (CLICTD) is a monolithic pixel sensor. It is fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS imaging process, modified with an additional deep low-dose n-type implant to obtain full lateral ...depletion. The sensor features a small collection diode, which is essential for achieving a low input capacitance. The CLICTD sensor was designed as a technology demonstrator in the context of the tracking detector studies for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). Its design characteristics are of broad interest beyond CLIC, for HL-LHC tracking detector upgrades. It is produced in two different pixel flavours: one with a continuous deep n-type implant, and one with a segmented n-type implant to ensure fast charge collection. The pixel matrix consists of 16 × 128 detection channels measuring 300μm×30μm. Each detection channel is segmented into eight sub-pixels to reduce the amount of digital circuity while maintaining a small collection electrode pitch. This paper presents the characterisation results of the CLICTD sensor in a particle beam. The different pixel flavours are compared in detail by using the simultaneous time-over-threshold and time-of-arrival measurement functionalities. Most notably, a spatial resolution down to (4.6±0.2)μm is measured. A time resolution down to (5.8±0.1)ns is observed, after applying an offline time-walk correction using the pixel-charge information. The hit detection efficiency is found to be well above 99.7% for thresholds of the order of several hundred electrons.
Test beam measurements at the test beam facilities of DESY have been conducted to characterise the performance of the EUDET-type beam telescopes originally developed within the EUDET project. The ...beam telescopes are equipped with six sensor planes using MIMOSA 26 monolithic active pixel devices. A programmable Trigger Logic Unit provides trigger logic and time stamp information on particle passage. Both data acquisition framework and offline reconstruction software packages are available. User devices are easily integrable into the data acquisition framework via predefined interfaces.
The biased residual distribution is studied as a function of the beam energy, plane spacing and sensor threshold. Its standard deviation at the two centre pixel planes using all six planes for tracking in a 6 GeV electron/positron-beam is measured to be (2.88 ± 0.08) µm. Iterative track fits using the formalism of General Broken Lines are performed to estimate the intrinsic resolution of the individual pixel planes. The mean intrinsic resolution over the six sensors used is found to be (3.24 ± 0.09) µm. With a 5 GeV electron/positron beam, the track resolution halfway between the two inner pixel planes using an equidistant plane spacing of 20 mm is estimated to (1.83 ± 0.03) µm assuming the measured intrinsic resolution. Towards lower beam energies the track resolution deteriorates due to increasing multiple scattering. Threshold studies show an optimal working point of the MIMOSA 26 sensors at a sensor threshold of between five and six times their RMS noise. Measurements at different plane spacings are used to calibrate the amount of multiple scattering in the material traversed and allow for corrections to the predicted angular scattering for electron beams.
We describe a laser–plasma platform for photon–photon collision experiments to measure fundamental quantum electrodynamic processes. As an example we describe using this platform to attempt to ...observe the linear Breit–Wheeler process. The platform has been developed using the Gemini laser facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory. A laser Wakefield accelerator and a bremsstrahlung convertor are used to generate a collimated beam of photons with energies of hundreds of MeV, that collide with keV x-ray photons generated by a laser heated plasma target. To detect the pairs generated by the photon–photon collisions, a magnetic transport system has been developed which directs the pairs onto scintillation-based and hybrid silicon pixel single particle detectors (SPDs). We present commissioning results from an experimental campaign using this laser–plasma platform for photon–photon physics, demonstrating successful generation of both photon sources, characterisation of the magnetic transport system and calibration of the SPDs, and discuss the feasibility of this platform for the observation of the Breit–Wheeler process. The design of the platform will also serve as the basis for the investigation of strong-field quantum electrodynamic processes such as the nonlinear Breit–Wheeler and the Trident process, or eventually, photon–photon scattering.
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