Family business researchers have devoted substantial attention to comparing family firms with nonfamily firms. Many of these comparisons rely on dichotomous variables, which implicitly treat family ...firms as homogeneous entities. However, recent studies have started to use moderators and mediators as well as continuous measures of family involvement in recognition of the heterogeneity of family firms. The articles and commentaries in this special issue contribute to a better understanding of that heterogeneity by examining how vision and goals, as well as the discretion engendered by family control, influence the innovation, internationalization, succession, professionalization, and proactive stakeholder engagement of family enterprises.
Family Enterprise and Context Wright, Mike; Chrisman, James J.; Chua, Jess H. ...
Entrepreneurship theory and practice,
11/2014, Letnik:
38, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
There has been increasing attention to the heterogeneity of family businesses but recognition of the heterogeneity of the contexts in which family firms operate is only now emerging. The articles and ...commentaries in this special issue contribute to the understanding of some of the institutional and organizational contexts in which family businesses operate and the impact of this variety on their behavior, strategies, and performance. We discuss the importance of context and questions for future research that deal with the interrelationships between different contexts and the behaviors of different types of family firms.
Continuous turnover of neurons in the olfactory bulb is implicated in several key aspects of olfaction. There is a dramatic decline postnatally in the number of migratory neuroblasts en route to the ...olfactory bulb in humans, and it has been unclear to what extent the small number of neuroblasts at later stages contributes new neurons to the olfactory bulb. We have assessed the age of olfactory bulb neurons in humans by measuring the levels of nuclear bomb test-derived 14C in genomic DNA. We report that 14C concentrations correspond to the atmospheric levels at the time of birth of the individuals, establishing that there is very limited, if any, postnatal neurogenesis in the human olfactory bulb. This identifies a fundamental difference in the plasticity of the human brain compared to other mammals.
► Carbon dating establishes cell turnover dynamics in the human olfactory bulb ► The yearly exchange rate of nonneuronal cells is 2.0%–3.4% ► Olfactory bulb neurons are as old as the individual ► <1% of olfactory bulb neurons are exchanged over 100 years in humans
Bergmann et al. measure the cellular integration of 14C in olfactory bulb neurons from humans exposed to nuclear bomb tests. Results show that olfactory bulb neurons in humans are as old as the individual and argue that adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis is minimal in humans.
Many of the world’s firms have a familial dimension; including some of the most dynamic and emerging markets of East Asia. However, this important aspect of organizing economic activity remains ...understudied and misunderstood. A central theme of this article is that while families matter in economic activity throughout the world, they matter in different ways depending on the institutional context. To illustrate this theme a varieties of capitalism perspective is used to develop a rudimentary global comparative framework. Institutional context is portrayed as a key determinant of the degree and type of family governance that typify national economies. Implications for corporate governance and entrepreneurship in East Asia are discussed.
Given that less than 10% of family owned businesses (FOBs) survive into the third generation, the issue of top executive succession has received a good deal of attention. Unfortunately, the ...literature on the topic is fragmented, as it deals with different parts of the elephant. This synthetic effort tries to put together the pieces to (1) derive a more encompassing model of what it takes for a succession to succeed, (2) determine the trends, consensus findings, as well as the gaps in our conceptual and empirical knowledge, and (3) suggest areas for further research.
Abstract
Isotopic ratios of radioactive releases into the environment are useful signatures for contamination source assessment. Uranium is known to behave conservatively in sea water so that a ratio ...of uranium trace isotopes may serve as a superior oceanographic tracer. Here we present data on the atomic
$$^{233}$$
233
U/
$$^{236}$$
236
U ratio analyzed in representative environmental samples finding ratios of (0.1–3.7)
$$\cdot$$
⋅
10
$$^{-2}$$
−
2
. The ratios detected in compartments of the environment affected by releases of nuclear power production or by weapons fallout differ by one order of magnitude. Significant amounts of
$$^{233}$$
233
U were only released in nuclear weapons fallout, either produced by fast neutron reactions or directly by
$$^{233}$$
233
U-fueled devices. This makes the
$$^{233}$$
233
U/
$$^{236}$$
236
U ratio a promising new fingerprint for radioactive emissions. Our findings indicate a higher release of
$$^{233}$$
233
U by nuclear weapons tests before the maximum of global fallout in 1963, setting constraints on the design of the nuclear weapons employed.
.
Ampoules of amorphous 99.5% enriched
13
C were irradiated at the PF1b neutron beam line at the high-flux ILL research reactor in order to produce
14
C atoms. The precise ratio of
14
C/
13
C was ...subsequently measured at the VERA Accelerator Mass Spectrometer, allowing the
13
C(n,
γ
)
14
C thermal cross section to be accurately determined. This is the first measurement of this cross section at sub-eV energies via this technique and the result of
1
.
52
±
0
.
07
mb for the thermal cross section is in good agreement with other recent measurements which were performed via Prompt Gamma-ray Activation Analysis.
The first extensive study on
U in the North Pacific Ocean has been conducted. The vertical distribution of
U/
U isotopic ratios and the
U concentrations were analysed on seven depth profiles, and ...large variations with depth were found. The range of
U/
U isotopic ratios was from (0.09 ± 0.03) × 10
to (14.1 ± 2.2) × 10
, which corresponds to
U concentrations of (0.69 ± 0.24) × 10
atoms/kg and (119 ± 21) × 10
atoms/kg, respectively. The variations in
U concentrations could mainly be attributed to the different water masses in the North Pacific Ocean and their formation processes. Uranium-236 inventories on the water column of each sampling station were calculated and varied between (3.89 ± 0.08) × 10
atoms/m
and (7.03 ± 0.50) × 10
atoms/m
, which is lower than in former studies on comparable latitudes in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Sea of Japan. The low inventories of
U found for the North Pacific Ocean in this study can be explained by the lack of additional input sources of artificial radionuclides, apart from global and regional/local fallout. This study expands the use of
U as oceanographic circulation tracer to yet another ocean basin and shows that this isotope can be used for tracing circulation patterns of water masses in the Pacific Ocean.
The Ilumetsa site, in Estonia, consists of two round, rimmed structures that are 725 m apart. The structures are listed as proven impact craters in the Impact Earth database, despite lack of commonly ...accepted, unequivocal proof of extraterrestrial collision identified at this location. We excavated trenches though the Ilumetsa Large and Ilumetsa Small structures and found small pieces of charcoal within the putative proximal ejecta in both structures, in a similar geological setting as previously identified charcoal in Kaali (Losiak et al. 2016) and Morasko craters (see Szokaluk et al. 2019). Our 14C dating of charcoal allowed us to conclude that these crater‐like features formed simultaneously between 7170 and 7000 cal. years bp, about 7 ka after deglaciation of this area. A ground penetrating radar survey of the nearby bog shows that no additional Ilumetsa structures bigger than 40 m exist. Geochemical studies of the ejecta and a search using a metal detector did not reveal any clear indication of extraterrestrial material. This suggests Ilumetsa may have been formed by an impact of stony‐iron or stony body, which got significantly weathered in a wet‐temperate climate. The mystery of the formation of the structures at Ilumetsa remains; however, due to significant circumstantial evidence discussed herein, we are confident to call it a “probable” impact site.
PDF
