In order to investigate the possibility of reducing GHG in winter wheat production, field trial was set up in a 3-year experiment (VS) with four different tillage systems (TS) and three N ...fertilization norms (FN). The tillage systems were CT—conventional tillage, DT—disk harrowing, LT—soil loosening, and NT—no tillage system. N fertilization norms were set to 120, 150 and 180 kg ha
−1
. Fuel consumption was measured with three-channel valve, and total value of consumption was calculated on total machinery passes according to technological map. Calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from winter wheat production were done by BioGrace model (version 4d
2015
). GHG emission per ton of yearly raw material was calculated from fertilizers (production and field emissions), seed, plant protection and diesel usage, so the result was expressed in kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
per year. The main properties of research (TS, FN and VS) are showing statistical significance on total GHG emission from winter wheat production. The largest GHG emission had LT tillage system with 261.89 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
from fuel emission and 2919.22 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
in total. This tillage system also had highest yield of 7.78 t ha
−1
. The lowest yield was observed at NT system (6.92 t ha
−1
), also with the lowest GHG emission from fuel consumption and total production (fuel 118.30 and total 2685.94 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
). Reduced tillage system such as DT can significantly reduce GHG emissions from diesel consumption without having an impact on wheat yield. This study suggests that DT, primarily, and NT can be recommended as convenient agricultural practices conducive to reconstruct an optimal balance between GHG emissions, yields, and N excesses.
Stationary field experiment pertaining to the winter wheat in Croatia was performed during the three seasons. This study’s intention was to examine and diagnose the effect of tillage systems (TS) on ...soil chemical properties (soil acidity, phosphorus P, potassium K, and organic matter content). The TSs were as follows: CT — ploughing up to 30 cm depth, DT — disking up to 8-12 cm depth, LT — loosening up to 35 cm depth, and NT — no-tillage. The experimental design was a randomised block design in four repetitions, in which the basic TS plot amounted to 540 m2. Soil sampling for 0-30 cm soil layer was performed prior to setting up the experiment and subsequent to the three seasons with a total of 320 soil samples. Chemical analysis was performed according to standard pedological procedures. Economic indicators were calculated using economic equations and standards, whereas statistical analysis was performed with SAS 9.3 and Microsoft Excel 2016. Generated results indicate that the expressed accumulation of phosphorus and potassium appeared with a distinct vertical stratification in the systems with shallower tillage or no-tillage. At the same time, these TSs ensured the soil organic matter and soil fertility preservation. A conservable agricultural production of reduced soil tillage systems has its efficiency and vigor while providing soil degradation.
Stacionarni poljski pokus za ozimu pšenicu u Hrvatskoj proveden je tijekom triju sezona . Namjera ovoga istraživanja bila je ispitati i dijagnosticirati utjecaj sustava obrade tla (TSs) na kemijska svojstva tla (kiselost tla, sadržaj fosfora, kalija i organske tvari. TSs-i su bili CT — oranje do 30 cm dubine; DT — tanjuranje do 8-12 cm dubine; LT — rahljenje do 35 cm dubine; NT — bez obrade tla. Eksperimentalni dizajn je bio randomizirani blok dizajn u četiri ponavljanja, u kojem je osnovna TSs parcela bila 540 m2 . Uzorkovanje za sloj tla 0-30 cm obavljeno je prije postavljanja pokusa i nakon triju sezona s ukupno 320 uzoraka tla. Kemijska analiza provedena jer prema standardnim pedološkim postupcima. Standardna statistička analiza provedena softverom SAS 9.3 i Microsoft Excel 2016. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju da se na sustavima s plićom obradom ili bez obrade javlja izražena akumulacija fosfora i kalija uz izraženu vertikalnu stratifikaciju. Istodobno ovi TSs-i osiguravaju konzervaciju organske tvari tla i očuvanje plodnosti tla. Poljoprivredna proizvodnja uz primjenu reduciranih sustava obrade tla ima svoju učinkovitost i snagu kroz sprječavanje degradacije tla.
Garlic is valuable crop that is used not only for human consumption, but also in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries. Indigenous cultivars have specific beneficial properties that could be ...permanently lost due to cultivation of new cultivars. Aim of this study was to established two indigenous garlic cultivars in vitro under influence of growth regulator and light. Garlic varieties Slavonian winter (Croatia) and Vincek (Slovenia) were introduced on medium supplemented with two different concentrations of BAP (1 and 1,5 mg/L) and grown under two types of light (FLUO and LED). Results showed there were no significant influence of light type but concentration of growth regulator significantly influenced in vitro development of garlic microshoots of both investigated cultivars. The best treatment for Vincek garlic explants was nutrient medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP and LED lights, while for Slavonian winter garlic the best treatment showed to be FLUO light and 1,5 mg/L BAP.
U ovom istraživanju analizirana je intenzivna proizvodnja krumpira koji se prerađuje u čips. U analiziranom razdoblju (2019. – 2022.) prikazane su sve agrotehničke mjere pri proizvodnji krumpira na ...primjeru PO „Beta“. Vidljivo je da je gnojidba svake godine provedena pri jesenskoj obradi, zatim pred samu sadnju, pri nagrtanju i prije zatvaranja redova. Zaštita krumpira je provedena pravovremeno, a kod primjene zaštitnih sredstava najviše se koriste fungicidi u zaštiti od plamenjače i koncentrične pjegavosti krumpira. Kod zaštite od krumpirove zlatice vodi se računa o korištenju pripravaka iz različitih kemijskih skupina i različitih mehanizma djelovanja. Obavezna mjera u proizvodnji je navodnjavanje koje se provodi tijekom ljetnih mjeseci (lipanj i srpanj). Vađenje krumpira obavilo se strojno, a ostvareni prinosi iznosili su prosječno 36 t/ha, što je daleko od hrvatskog prosjeka (19,1 t/ha).
A stationary field experiment of a reduced soil tillage was implemented at a Hypogley (Hypogleyic soils A–Gso–Gr soil horizon sequence) soil type of Eastern Croatia during three seasons and set up as ...a split-plot randomized block design in four repetitions. The tillage systems (TS) were as follows: 1) conventional tillage, i.e., plowing at 30 cm (CT), 2) disking up 10-12 cm (DT), 3) soil loosening up to 35 cm (LT), 4) no-tillage (NT). The experiment was designed to compare the penetration resistance (PR), soil moisture (SM), and bulk density (BD) at different TSs and soil depths. A cone penetrometer was used to measure the PR with 10 prods per TS, accompanied with a measurement of SM with a soil auger on every 10 cm, with four samples up to a 40-cm depth. The BD was determined by metal cylinders on every 10 cm up to a 30-cm depth, being weighed and dried thereafter to obtain an absolutely dry sample, and then calculated using absolutely a dry soil sample mass (m_s) and the soil volume (V). The PR and SM were significantly influenced by the TS and soil depth. The CT had the significantly lowest PR at all depths, while the DT has manifested a significantly higher PR at a soil depth amounting to 10 to 20 cm. The PR on NT were significantly diverse from the CT at all soil depths. The BD varied significantly concerning the TS and the soil depth. Subsequent to the three years, the CT had a significantly smaller BD at a depth amounting from 0 to 10 cm, and a significantly higher BD at 20- to 30-cm depth, compared to reduce the TS.
Stacionarni poljski pokus reducirane obrade tla proveden je u istočnoj Hrvatskoj na hipogleju tijekom triju sezona. Pokus je postavljen kao randomizirani blok-sustav u četiri ponavljanja. Sustavi obrade tla (TS) bili su sljedeći: 1) konvencionalna obrada tla oranjem na 30 cm (CT); 2) tanjuranje na 10–12 cm (DT); 3) rahljenje tla na 35 cm (LT); 4) no-tillage (NT). U eksperimentu su praćeni otpori tla (PR), vlaga tla (SM) i volumna gustoća tla (BD) na različitim TS-ovima i dubinama tla. Konusni penetrometar korišten je za mjerenje PR-a s 10 uboda po TS-u, praćeno sondiranjem za SM na svakih 10 cm, s četirima uzorcima do 40 cm dubine. BD je određen metalnim cilindrima na svakih 10 cm do 30 cm dubine. Izvagani uzorak je osušen do apsolutno suhoga uzorka, a zatim izračunan BD koristeći se apsolutno suhom masom uzorka tla (m_s) i volumena tla (V). PR i SM su bili pod značajnim utjecajem TS-a i dubine tla. CT je imao najniži PR na svim dubinama, DT je pokazao značajno veći PR na dubini tla od 10 do 20 cm u odnosu na CT. PR na NT bio je značajno različit od CT-a na svim dubinama tla. BD se znatno razlikovao po TS-u i dubini tla. Nakon tri godine CT je imao signifikantno manji BD na dubini 0-10 cm te signifikantno veći BD na dubini 20-30 cm u odnosu prema reduciranim sustavima obrade tla.
The influence of technical spraying factors on vertical distribution of liquid and air velocity was observed and measured with vertical pattemator device. In research, Lechler yellow (TR 8002C) and ...red (TR 8004C) nozzles are used with two different sets of fan rotor blades (two different air velocities) at 540 rpm of PTO. The research was set as controlled three - factorial experiment (without the influence of weather factors) with 8 treatments in 4 repetitions, for each side of Agromehanika AGP 440 axial fan sprayer. Technical spraying factors (ISO nozzle number, settings of fan blades and spraying height) have a high significant impact (**) on the main properties of the research (vertical distribution of liquid and air velocity). By decreasing the ISO nozzle number and air velocity the increase of liquid deposit is found on vertical pattemator and with the increase of measuring height a non-uniform distribution of liquid and air velocity is found. In addition, a non-uniform distribution of liquid and air velocity is established between the left and right sides of the machine. With regression analysis between the vertical distribution of liquid and air velocity on both sides of the machine, a statistically significant coherence is determined (left side of the machine: r = 0,96; p < 0,01; right side of the machine: r = 0,97; p < 0,01).Original Abstract: Istrazuje se utjecaj tehnickih cimbenika rasprsivanja na vertikalnu raspodjelu tekucine i brzine zraka, mjerenu s uredajem vertikalnim peternatorom. Koriste se zute (TR 8002C) i crvene (TR 8004C) Techler mlaznice te dva razlicito podesena zakosenja lopatica rotora ventilatora (dvije razlicite brzine zracne struje) pri 540 o/min PVT-a. Istrazivanje se postavlja kao kontrolirani trofaktorijalni pokus (bez utjecaja vremenskih cimbenika) sa 8 tretmana u 4 ponavljanja, za obje strane nosenog aksijalnog rasprsivaca Agromehanika AGP 440. Tehnicki cimbenici rasprsivanja (ISO broj mlaznice, podesavanje lopatica ventilatora i visina rasprsivanja) ostvamju vrlo znacajan utjecaj (**) na glavna svojstva istrazivanja (vertikalna distribucija tekucine i brzine zracne struje). Smanjivanjem ISO broja mlaznice i smanjivanjem brzine zracne stmje povecava se kolicina tekucine deponirana na vertikalnom paternatoru, te povecavanjem visine mjerenja na vertikalnom paternatoru dolazi do neuniformne raspodjele tekucine i brzine zracne struje. Uz navedeno, utvrduje se neuniformna raspodjela kolicine tekucine i brzine zracne struje izmedu lijeve i desne strane stroja. Regresijskom analizom izmedu vertikalne raspodjele kolicine tekucine i brzine zraka s obje strane stroja utvrduje se visoka statisticki znacajna povezanost (lijeva strana stroja: r = 0,96; p < 0,01; desna strana stroja: r = 0,97; p < 0,01).
Research is conducted on an apple orchard with two different types of orchard sprayers, axial (Hardi Zaturn) and radial (Hardi Arrow). The influence of major technical spraying factors (type of ...nozzle, working speed and spray volume) were observed on coverage of the treated area, average droplet diameter, number of droplets per cm super(1 2) and drift. The working speed of sprayer was set at 6 and 8 km/h, and spray volume on 250, 325 and 400 1/ha. In research, Lechler blue (TR 8003C), yellow (TR 8002C) and green (TR 80015C) nozzles were used. The research was set as three - factorial field experiment with 18 treatments in 4 repetitions, for each type of sprayer. Sixty water sensitive papers (WSP) were used for the treatment, which was processed with digital image analysis (DIA) and ImageJ software. The major technical spraying factors have a high significant statistical impact (**) on the main properties of the research. By decreasing the ISO number of nozzles and by increasing the working speed and spray volume, we found increasement of area coverage, number of droplets per cm super(2) and drift, and decreasement of average droplet diameter. By comparing the results of the research by axial and radial orchard sprayer in apple orchard, better results (*) were achieved with a radial sprayer. The best adjustment of technical spraying factors (area coverage of 59,55% and 21,10% of liquid drift) was achieved by a radial sprayer and with green nozzle (TR80015C), working speed of 8 km/h, spray volume of 325 1/ha, and working pressure of 16,84 bar.Original Abstract: Istrazivanja su obavljena u nasadu jabuke sa dva tipa rasprsivaca, aksijalni (Hardi Zaturn) i radijalni (Hardi Arrow). Istrazivan je utjecaj glavnih tehnickih cimbenika rasprsivanja (tip mlaznice, brzina rada i norma rasprsivanja) na pokrivenost tretirane povrsine, prosjecni promjer kapljica, broj kapljica/cm super(2) i zanosenje tekucine. Brzina rada rasprsivaca podesava se na 6 i 8 k/mh, a norma rasprsivanja na 250, 325 i 400 1/ha. Koriste se plave (TR 8003C), zute (TR 8002C) i zelene (TR 80015C) Lechler mlaznice. Istrazivanje se postavlja kao trofaktorijalni poljski pokus sa 18 tretmana u 4 ponavljanja, za svaki tip rasprsivaca. Po tretmanu se na stablo postavlja 60 vodoosjetljivih papirica koji se obraduju pomocu racunalne analize slike i racunalnog programa ImageJ. Glavni tehnicki cimbenici rasprsivanja ostvaruju statisticki vrlo znacajan utjecaj (**) na glavna svojstva istrazivanja. Smanjivanjem ISO broja mlaznice, povecanjem brzine rada rasprsivaca te povecanjem norme rasprsivanja povecava se pokrivenost tretirane povrsine, broj kapljica/cm super(2) i zanosenje tekucine, a smanjuje se prosjecni promjer kapljica. Usporedbom dobivenih rezultata istrazivanja sa aksijalnim i radijalnim rasprsivacem u nasadu jabuke, bolje rezultate (*) postize radijalni rasprsivac. Najbolje podesenje tehnickih cimbenika rasprsivanja (pokrivenost tretirane povrsine od 59,55% i zanosenja tekucine od 21,10%) ostvaruje se sa radijalnim rasprsivacem te zelenom mlaznicom (TR 80015C), brzinom rada od 8 km/h, normom rasprsivanja od 325 1/ha i radnim tlakom od 16,84 bar.
During the three years (2006/2007-2008/2009) stationary research of reduced soil tillage had been conducted for winter wheat and soybean, at marsh gley (hipogley) hydromeliorated soil type of ...Baranya. The research has been conducted with eight soil tillage treatments and three nitrogen fertilization treatments set up in split-plot design in four repetitions. Soil tillage treatments consisted of four continued soil tillage systems for both crops: OR-conventional soil tillage, TR-multiple diskharrowing, RT-chiseling and diskharrowing, NT-no-tillage and four discontinued soil tillage systems: OsTp-OR for soybean TR for w. wheat in the forthcoming season: OpTs-OR for w.wheat TR for soybean in the forthcoming season, NpOs-NT for w. wheat OR for soybean in forthcoming season: NsOp-NT for soybean OR for w. wheat in forthcoming season. Nitrogen fertilization treatment had three levels of applied nitrogen: for w.wheat G-1=120, G-2=150, G-3=180 kg N ha -1 and for soybean G-1=35, G-2=70, G-3=110 kg N ha-1. Weather conditions had significant aberrations during 2006/2007 and 2008/2009 (extremely drought seasons), whereas 2007/2008 season was moderately humid. The high and stabile average winter wheat grain yields had been achieved, with statistical difference among years of the research, whereas yield decreased by applied soil tillage systems in the order as follows: RT (7.78) > NsOp (7.75) > OR (7.74) > OpTs (7.62) > TR (7.63) > OsTp (7.58) > NpOs (6.95) > NT (6.92 t ha-1), with NpOs and NT treatments recorded significantly lower yields in comparison with OR treatment. According to three year averages, normal and relatively stabile soybean grain yield has been achieved, with significant difference among years, whereas soil tillage systems showed the following decrease order: NpOs (2.62) > OR (2.58) > OsTp (2.56) > NsOp (2.49) > TR (2.46) = RT (2.46) > NT (2.42) > OpTs (2.35 t ha-1). In comparison with OR treatment, only OpTs had significantly lower soybean grain yield. The study showed, with the optimum of nitrogen fertilization, a very successful application of reduced soil tillage systems in the winter wheat and soybean production.
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