The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared ...spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm
−1
. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.
The design, principle of operation, and results of tests of a Fourier-transform spectrometer, which is designed for studying the composition of the Martian atmosphere by the transmission technique, ...are described. A standard specimen of the instrument must operate on the landing platform after its delivery to Mars. The spectral range of the manufactured specimen is 0.5–4 μm, the spectral resolution is 0.04 cm
–1
, the aperture is 25 mm, and the mass is 1.1 kg.
The study of nannofossils, dinocysts, and foraminifera from Paleogene deposits of the Urma Plateau of Central Dagestan revealed the Paleocene-Eocene age of the Gray Formation, to apply zonations ...based on of all three groups of microplankton, and to correlate the regional dinocyst and planktonic foraminifer zonations to the standard nannofossil scale. Nannofossil zonation of O. Varol’s (1989) is shown to be successfully applied for subdivision of Danian deposits. The large foraminifer assemblage found in the lower Eocene deposits is correlated to the NP12-NP13 zones of the nannofossil scale.
A series of layers rich in organic matter (sapropelites) is known in the upper Ypresian deposits of the northeastern Peri-Tethys. Study of formainifers and quantitative analysis of their different ...ecological groups showed that proportion of infauna is considerably grater in sapropelic layers than in host deposits. In distinction from infauna, tests of species not burrowing into sediments (epifauna) are partially dissolved. The analyzed paleocoenoses of benthic foraminifers imply that sapropelites have been formed most likely in dysoxic environments, under conditions of the bottom waters contamination by carbon dioxide in response to a high C
org
influx, weakened water circulation and low oxygen concentration. The comparison of foraminiferal assemblages with paleocoenoses studied previously in the Paleocene/Eocene boundary sapropelic interbed suggests that deposits rich in C
org
originated under the same hydrogeochemical environments.
A sequence of clays and clayey siltstones with olistostrome horizons and olistoplaques of the Upper Cretaceous rocks occur in the coastal section northwest of the mouth of the Agoi River. The rocks ...of this sequence are mostly gray sandy calcareous clays with rare interlayers of siltstones. The horizons and lenses of olistostromes contain small clasts, large blocks, and olistoplaques of rocks of various ages. The microfauna from matrix and clasts of olistostromes of different horizons of the sequence was sampled and identified. The large blocks and olistoplaques are tectonized with formation of slickensides and cracks, which do not travel beyond the country rocks. The thickness of the sequence is 280 m.
A thick olistostrome strata of late Paleocene-early Eocene age is outlined in the northern flank of the Northwestern Caucasus folded structure in the Ubinka river valley, which shows the significant ...role of earlier Cenozoic tectonic movements in forming the alpine structure of the region. The largest part of the strata is composed of dark weakly calcareous clays, which were earlier recognized as Lower Cretaceous deposits. Olistoliths and large olistoplaques are mostly of light calcareous rocks in which microfauna of Cenomanian and Maastrichtian ages were discovered in dark clays. A poor series of foraminifers was recognized in the dark clays hosting these olistoliths; this series do not enable one to determine with certainty the age of the strata (of approximately the late Paleocene-early Eocene). Small structural forms were recognized in olistoliths and olistoplaques, which are not traced in the matrix, this indicates that a series of folded and fissured structures were formed before these olistoliths and olistoplaques appeared in the olistostrome strata.
The multidisciplinary approach is used to analyze the structure of the sedimentary cover in the northern Knipovich Rift valley, Molloy Fracture Zone and synonymous basin, Svyatogor and Hovgard rises, ...Gorynych Hills, Litvin and Pogrebitskii seamounts, and western slope of the Spitsbergen Archipelago studied in Cruise 24 of the R/V
Akademik Nikolaj Strakhov
. Materials of the bathymetric survey with multibeam echo sounder, as well as continuous seismic and vertical acoustic profiling, revealed two main (NNW- and NNE-trending) systems of fractures in the neotectonic structure of the region. It was established that a system of NNE-oriented fractures, linear zones of the dominant development of keyboard deformations included, is consistent with the strike of magnetic anomalies reconstructed for this region. Tectonic aspects of the Knipovich Rift and prospects of its further development are considered. Based on the wave field pattern of continuous seismic profiling (CSP) records, four seismocomplexes indicating contrasting sedimentation settings and intense tectonic processes at different formation stages of the northern Norwegian-Greenland Sea are conditionally defined in the sedimentary cover of the study region. It was established the Molloy Fracture Zone is responsible for a system of horizontal reflectors of acoustically transparent structureless light spots (“blankings”) in the upper well-stratified part of the sedimentary section, which are characteristic of areas with ascending pore fluids. The micropaleontological study (palynomorphs of higher plants, dinocysts, planktonic foraminifers, and diatoms) revealed the presence of Miocene assemblages in sediments. Benthic foraminifers include late Paleocene-middle Eocene assemblages. The composition of rock-forming components demonstrates a directed succession of mineral-terrigenous associations from the feldspar-quartz type to mesomictic quartz-graywacke type.
Chippers designed for chopping wood at the sawmill waste, produce of wood chips could be used in agriculture; they used at development of lands derived from the rotation overgrown with undergrowth ...and bushes. The improvement and optimization of parameters of chipper RB-750 with a combined working body, the effectiveness of which depends on a number of structural factors: the angle tightening angle pinch location shearbar and others is conducted in Vyatka State Agricultural Academy. Angle of incidence in the cutting process changes its value and affects the strength of the material tightening with knife. The maximum value of a tightening force is possible at the smallest impact angle, but it degrades the quality of the finished product. To justify the design parameters of the working body theoretical research were conducted with the consideration of two major cases: when the angle of incidence is less and more than 90°. The obtained dependences allow to determine the parameters of the cutting pair providing material delay at changing cutting conditions: the ratio of the components of the cutting force; the coefficient of friction of material on the surface of working bodies. Experimental studies on confirming of the theoretical assumptions were made in a laboratory machine which allows to register the effect of a tightening of sample material with knives of grinding drum of the working body. Completed experiments yielded a regression model that characterizes the effect of investigated factors on the strength of a material tightening with knives. The experimental results confirm the theoretical assumptions put forward and allow to draw conclusions about the optimal values of the factors: angle of delaying у = 4.5...4.8°; location of shearbar below the horizontal axis of the drum on 20...21 mm; angle of crushing material х = 30°.
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