Yin-Chen-Hao-Tang (YCHT), a classic Chinese herbal formula, is characterized by its strong therapeutic effects of liver regulation and relief of jaundice, especially Yanghuang syndrome (YHS). YHS is ...a type of jaundice with damp-heat pathogenesis, and it is considered a complicated Chinese medicine syndrome (CMS). The accurate mechanism for healing YHS has not yet been completely reported. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the expression of endogenous biomarkers in YHS mice and evaluate the clinical therapeutic effect of YCHT. Serum samples were analyzed using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS techniques in order to determine differential metabolites to elucidate the functional mechanism of YCHT on YHS through metabolite profiling combined with multivariate analysis. Simultaneously, the exact diversification of YHS mice was elucidated using blood biochemistry indexes and histopathological examination, and the results indicated that YHS is markedly improved by YCHT. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) patterns were constructed to dissect the variances of metabolic profiling. Overall, 22 potential biomarkers were identified using a metabolomics approach based on an accurate MS/MS approach, clustering and distinguishing analysis. The present work demonstrates that the effectiveness of YCHT against YHS prompts distinct discrepancies in metabolic profiles by adjusting biomarkers and regulating metabolic disorders. A total of 15 metabolic pathways were involved in biological disturbance. This demonstrates that metabolomic techniques are powerful means to explore the pathogenesis of CMS and the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese formulae.
The diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi of the Greater Mekong Subregion are currently being studied. In this paper, 18 fresh collections of
Pleurotheciaceae
from submerged wood in freshwater ...are characterized based on morphological characters and analyses of ITS, LSU, SSU and RPB2 sequence data. Six new species of
Pleurotheciella
(
P. aquatica, P. fusiformis, P. guttulata
,
P. lunata
,
P. saprophytica
,
P. submersa
), one new
Phaeoisaria
species (
Ph. aquatica
) and one new
Pleuroth
e
cium
species (
Pl. aquaticum
) are introduced based on their distinct morphology and evidence from molecular phylogeny.
Pleurotheciella uniseptata
,
Phaeoisaria clematidis
and
Pleurothecium pulneyense
are also redescribed and phylogenetic relationships assessed herein, these species are the first records for China.
Yinchenhao Tang (YCHT), a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulae, plays an important role in the treatment of Yang Huang syndrome (YHS). With the emergence of new biomarkers of YHS ...uncovered
metabonomics, the underlying functional mechanisms are still not clear. Functional metabolomics aims at converting biomarkers derived from metabonomics into disease mechanisms. Here, an integrated non-target metabolomics and IPA strategy were used to investigate the YCHT intervention on YHS. Our metabolomics study has shown that the potential protective effect of YCHT on YHS mice leads to significant changes in the metabolic profile by modulating the biomarkers and regulating the metabolic disorders. Twenty two differential metabolite biomarkers and fifteen involved metabolic pathways were correlated with the regulation of YCHT treatment on YHS. Functional metabolomics identified a core biomarker, d-glucuronic acid in pentose and glucuronate interconversion pathways, which was directly related to the target prediction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 and eventually leaded to a series of disturbances. In conclusion, this study shows that functional metabolomics can discover metabolic pathways as promising targets.
Ganoderma
is a globally distributed genus that encompasses species with forestry ecological, medicinal, economic, and cultural importance. Despite the importance of this fungus, the studies on the ...species diversity of
Ganoderma
in Yunnan Province, China (YPC) have poorly been carried out. During this study, opportunistic sampling was used to collect 21 specimens of
Ganoderma
from YPC. Morphology and multigene phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) were used to identify them. Morphological and molecular characterization of the 21 specimens showed that they belong to 18 species of
Ganoderma
, of which three are novel
viz. G. artocarpicola
,
G. obscuratum
and
G. yunnanense
.
Ganoderma artocarpicola
is characterized by the sessile and concrescent basidiomata, reddish brown to yellowish brown pileus surface, heterogeneous context, wavy margin, and ovoid basidiospores.
Ganoderma obscuratum
is distinguished by small pores (6–9 per mm), dorsolaterally sub-stipitate basidiomata which become greyish-brown when dry, and narrow ellipsoid basidiospores.
Ganoderma yunnanense
is characterized by cream color pore surface and context, centrally to laterally stipitate basidiomata with reddish-brown to violet-brown strongly laccate pileus surface, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. With the help of an extensive literature survey and the results of this study, a checklist of 32
Ganoderma
species from YPC was established, which accounts for 71.11% of the known species in China. In addition, a key to the
Ganoderma
in YPC is also provided.
Rhododendron
is an essential ornamental plant that is abundant in Yunnan province. In Cangshan Mountain, Yunnan, China, 61 species of
Rhododendron
have been reported. Endophytic fungi are internal ...plant tissue inhabitants that do not harm the host. It has emerged as an exciting research topic as they have the potential to provide numerous secondary metabolites. This study is focused on taxonomic novelties and new host records of endophytic fungi associated with
Rhododendron
plants collected from Cangshan Mountain in Yunnan Province, China.
Pestalotiopsis
fungi are associated with a vast array of plant species worldwide. In this study, fresh leaves of
Rhododendron cyanocarpum
,
Rhododendron decorum
, and
Rhododendron delavayi
were collected from Cangshan Mountain, Yunnan Province, China. Endophytic
Pestalotiopsis
fungi associated with
Rhododendron
were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB genes along with morphological characteristics. Six new species (
Pestalotiopsis appendiculata
,
Pestalotiopsis cangshanensis
,
Pestalotiopsis daliensis
,
Pestalotiopsis fusoidea
,
Pestalotiopsis rosarioides
, and
Pestalotiopsis suae
) and a new host record (
Pestalotiopsis trachicarpicola
) are described. Detailed descriptions and color photo plates of these species are provided. It is the first time that the endophytic fungi of
Rhododendron
plants in Cangshan Mountain have been studied.
The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso milet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso milet genotypes in China. The objectives of ...this study were to analyze yield stability and adaptability of proso milets and to evaluate the discrimination and representativeness of locations by analysis of vari-ance (ANOVA) and genotype and genotype by environment interaction (GGE) biplot methods. Grain yields of proso milet genotypes were signiifcantly inlfuenced by environment (E), genotype (G) and their interaction (G×E) (P<0.1%). G×E inter-action effect was six times higher than G effect in non-waxy group and seven times in waxy group. N04-339 in non-waxy and Neimi 6 (NM6) in waxy showed higher grain yields and stability compared with other genotypes. Also, Neimi 9 (NM9, a non-waxy cultivar) and 90322-2-33 (a waxy cultivar) showed higher adaptability in 7 and in 11 locations, respectively. For non-waxy, Dalat, Inner Mongolia (E2) and Wuzhai, Shanxi (E5) were the best sites among al the locations for maximizing the variance among candidate cultivars, and Yanchi, Ningxia (E10) had the best representativeness. Wuzhai, Shanxi (e9) and Yanchi, Ningxia (e14) were the best representative locations, and Baicheng, Jilin (e2) was better discriminating location than others for waxy genotypes. Based on our results, E10 and e14 have enhanced efifciency and accuracy for non-waxy genotypes and waxy genotypes selection, respectively in national regional test of proso milet varieties.
The Red River Basin is located in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot and is rich in lignicolous freshwater fungi, but no systematic research has been conducted. A systematic study on the species ...diversity of lignicolous freshwater fungi in the basin is ongoing. Seven distoseptispora-like specimens were collected from the Red River Basin in Yunnan. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS, LSU,
1-α, and
2 genes and combined morphological data indicate that there are six distinct species of
, including two new species and four known species. Two new species were named
and
, and the four known species were
,
,
and
. This study provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of these six species and an updated phylogenetic backbone tree of
.
During the investigation of lignicolous freshwater fungi in plateau lakes in Yunnan Province, China, eight Lentitheciaceae species were collected from five lakes viz. Luguhu, Qiluhu, Xingyunhu, ...Cibihu, and Xihu lake. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, and tef 1-α sequence data, a new genus Paralentithecium, two new species (Paralentithecium suae, and Setoseptoria suae), three new records (Halobyssothecium phragmitis, H. unicellulare, and Lentithecium yunnanensis) and three known species viz. Halobyssothecium aquifusiforme, Lentithecium pseudoclioninum, and Setoseptoria bambusae are reported.
Objectives: miR-199a can regulate autophagy, its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of miR-199a involved in regulating autophagy in a ...1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine (MPP
+
)-induced in vitro model of PD.
Methods: PC12 cells were incubated in MPP
+
, and the expression levels of miR-199a were bidirectionally regulated via either transfection of an miR-199a mimic or incubation in miR-199a inhibitors. The experimental manipulations were divided into four groups, including the control group, MPP
+
group, MPP
+
+ miR-199a mimic group, and MPP
+
+ miR-199a inhibitor group. MTT, CCK-8, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and linear correlation analysis were performed to evaluate various experimental indicators.
Results: At increasing MPP
+
concentrations, the following results were found: the expression levels of miR-199a, phosphorylated AKT and mTOR proteins expression decreased; the expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), GSK3β, Beclin1, and LC3II increased; PC12 autophagy increased; and cellular viability and survival rates decreased. Transfection of an miR-199a mimic increased miR-199a expression and induced all of the following: the expression levels of PTEN, GSK3β, Beclin1, and LC3II decreased; the expression levels of phosphorylated AKT and mTOR proteins expression increased; PC12 autophagy decreased; and cellular viability and survival rates increased.
Discussion: In this in vitro study, we found that increasing miR-199a expression in PC12 cells reduced protein levels of Beclin1 and LC3II, decreased autophagy, enhanced cellular viability, increased survival rate, and ameliorated MPP
+
-induced parkinsonian-like cellular pathologies by targeting pro-autophagic pathways and GSK3β to activate PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling.
Geastrum
is the largest genus of Geastraceae and is widely distributed all over the world. Four specimens which belong to
Geastrum
were collected during our scientific expedition to Cangshan ...Mountain, Yunnan, China. Based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, a new species was introduced.
Geastrum suae
is characterised by its large basidiomata (height 35–70 mm, diameter 18–37 mm) with long stipe (height 10–45 mm), smooth pink exoperidium and sessile globose endoperidial body. Phylogenetic analysis has been carried out, based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (nrLSU) sequence data. The illustration and description for the new taxa are provided.
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