The information used in developing this survey was obtained through an exhaustive review of each state's relevant statute and court rules, as well as a thorough review of appellate court opinions ...interpreting a relevant statute or providing guidance in the absence of statutory directive. In most instances, tenants are provided the lease on a take-it-or-leave-it basis with no opportunity to negotiate any of its terms, including provisions related to late fees.1 States that impose late fee maximums vary greatly on the amount and form of the limitation. In most of these states, the reasonableness requirement is established by courts rather than through legislation. * Arizona: For residential tenancies, it is implied within its eviction statutes that late fees must be reasonable. * California: Must be reasonably related to costs the landlord faces as a result of rent being late. * Connecticut: Fees must bear a reasonable relationship to the actual damage that the landlord sustains, and the court may void if excessive. * Illinois: Must be a reasonable forecast of damage caused by the breach. * Kentucky: Must be reasonable; $20 or 20 percent of the rental fee for each month is deemed reasonable. * Ohio: Must be reasonable in proportion to the rental rate and have a rational basis supporting the imposition of the charge. * Oklahoma: Must be reasonably related to actual costs incurred. * Pennsylvania: Late fees must be reasonable. * Texas: Must be reasonable; presumed reasonable if not more than 12 percent of the amount of rent for a dwelling located in a structure that contains no more than four units or 10 percent for a structure that contains more than four units. * Vermont: Late fee allowed if reasonably related to costs incurred. * Washington: Presumably must be reasonable. * West Virginia: Presumably must be reasonable. Most of these moratoriums were expired as of the date of the initial publication of this survey. * California: Renters who have submitted a declaration of COVID-19-related financial distress cannot be charged a late fee for the late payment of rental payments (no expiration date). * Colorado: Executive order prohibited landlords and lenders from charging late fees for any rent incurred between May 1, 2020, and April 27, 2021, due to the pandemic (expired). * Connecticut: Executive order 7X granted tenants an automatic 60-day grace period for April 2020 rent and made a 60-day grace period for May 2020 rent available upon request.
The information used in developing this survey was obtained through an exhaustive review of each state's relevant statutes and court rules, as well as a thorough review of appellate court opinions ...interpreting a relevant statute or providing guidance in the absence of statutory directive. Despite this need, most states have enacted statutes limiting a tenant's access to a continuance in an eviction action.3 State statutes vary in how they restrict a tenant's access to a continuance, but each includes one or all of the following: (1) a burden for obtaining the continuance that is higher or more restrictive than the traditional "good cause" standard, (2) a requirement to deposit funds with the court to secure a continuance beyond the date of trial, or (3) a limit on the number of days for which the matter may be continued. ...a handful of states permit a tenant to stay the matter indefinitely (or have it dismissed) upon payment of all amounts due prior to the entry or execution of the judgment-often viewed as a "right to redeem." Standard for a Obtaining a Continuance In nearly one-half of the 30 states with a specific statute governing continuances of eviction proceedings, a tenant-defendant faces a higher standard for achieving a continuance than the landlord-plaintiff.4 The burdens and requirements for seeking a continuance in an eviction matter vary greatly among the states, and include: (A) a reliance on the standard rule applied to all civil matters in the state, (B) a "good cause" standard specifically described in the laws governing landlord-tenant matters, (C) an "extraordinary cause" standard applied only to a tenant in an eviction case, (D) standards applicable depending on the situation, and (E) other miscellaneous requirements.
During the 2005
Layered Organization in the Coastal Ocean (LOCO) field program in Monterey Bay, California, we integrated intensive water column surveys by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with ...satellite and mooring data to examine the spatiotemporal scales and processes of phytoplankton thin-layer development. Surveying inner to outer shelf waters repeatedly between August 18 and September 6, the AUV acquired 6841 profiles. By the criteria: (1) thickness ≤3
m at the full-width half-maximum, (2) peak chlorophyll at least twice the local background concentrations, and (3) a corresponding peak in optical backscattering, thin layers were detected in 3978 (58%) of the profiles. Average layer thickness was 1.4
m, and average intensity was 13.5
μg
l
−1 above (3.2
x) background. Thin layers were observed at depths between 2.6 and 17.6
m, and their depths showed diurnal vertical migration of the layer phytoplankton populations. Horizontal scales of thin-layer patches ranged from <100
m to>10,000
m. A thin-layer index (TLI), computed from layer frequency, intensity and thinness, was highest in mid-shelf waters, coincident with a frontal zone between bay waters and an intrusion of low-salinity offshore waters. Satellite observations showed locally enhanced chlorophyll concentrations along the front, and
in situ observations indicated that phytoplankton may have been affected by locally enhanced nutrient supply in the front and concentration of motile populations in a convergence zone. Minimum TLI was furthest offshore, in the area most affected by the intrusion of offshore, low-chlorophyll waters. Average thin-layer intensity doubled during August 25–29, in parallel with warming at the surface and cooling within and below the thermocline. During this apparent bloom of thin-layer populations, density oscillations in the diurnal frequency band increased by an order of magnitude at the shelfbreak and in near-bottom waters of the inner shelf, indicating the role of internal tidal pumping from Monterey Canyon onto the shelf. This nutrient transport process was mapped by the AUV. Peak TLI was observed on August 29 during a nighttime survey, when phytoplankton were concentrated in the nutricline. Empirical orthogonal function decomposition of the thin-layer particle size distribution data from this survey showed that throughout the inner to outer shelf survey domain, the layers were dominated by phytoplankton having a cross-section of ∼50
μm. This is consistent with the size of abundant
Akashiwo sanguinea cells observed microscopically in water samples. During a subsequent and stronger intrusion of low-salinity offshore waters, spatially-averaged vertical density stratification decreased by > 50%, and phytoplankton thin layers disappeared almost completely from the AUV survey domain.
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 affects the quality of life of many COVID-19 survivors, yet the etiology of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 remains unknown. We aimed to determine if persistent ...inflammation and ongoing T-cell activation during convalescence were a contributing factor to the pathogenesis of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.
We evaluated 67 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 by nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction for persistent symptoms during convalescence at separate time points occurring up to 180 days post-diagnosis. Fifty-two of these individuals were evaluated longitudinally. We obtained whole blood samples at each study visit, isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and stained for multiple T cell activation markers for flow cytometry analysis. The activation states of participants' CD4
and CD8
T-cells were next analyzed for each of the persistent symptoms.
Overall, we found that participants with persistent symptoms had significantly higher levels of inflammation at multiple time points during convalescence when compared to those who fully recovered from COVID-19. Participants with persistent dyspnea, forgetfulness, confusion, and chest pain had significantly higher levels of proliferating effector T-cells (CD8
Ki67
), and those with chest pain, joint pain, difficulty concentrating, and forgetfulness had higher levels of regulatory T-cells (CD4
CD25
). Additionally, those with dyspnea had significantly higher levels of CD8
CD38
, CD8
Granzyme B
, and CD8
IL10
cells. A retrospective comparison of acute phase inflammatory markers in adults with and without post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 showed that CD8
Ki67
cells were significantly higher at the time of acute illness (up to 14 days post-diagnosis) in those who developed persistent dyspnea.
These findings suggest continued CD8+ T-cell activation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults experiencing post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 and that the increase in T regulatory cells for a subset of these patients represents the ongoing attempt by the host to reduce inflammation.
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes important for early host defense against infectious pathogens and surveillance against malignant transformation. Resting murine NK cells regulate the ...translation of effector molecule mRNAs (e.g., granzyme B, GzmB) through unclear molecular mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate the translation of their mRNA targets, and are therefore candidates for mediating this control process. While the expression and importance of miRNAs in T and B lymphocytes have been established, little is known about miRNAs in NK cells. Here, we used two next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms to define the miRNA transcriptomes of resting and cytokine-activated primary murine NK cells, with confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and microarrays. We delineate a bioinformatics analysis pipeline that identified 302 known and 21 novel mature miRNAs from sequences obtained from NK cell small RNA libraries. These miRNAs are expressed over a broad range and exhibit isomiR complexity, and a subset is differentially expressed following cytokine activation. Using these miRNA NGS data, miR-223 was identified as a mature miRNA present in resting NK cells with decreased expression following cytokine activation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-223 specifically targets the 3' untranslated region of murine GzmB in vitro, indicating that this miRNA may contribute to control of GzmB translation in resting NK cells. Thus, the sequenced NK cell miRNA transcriptome provides a valuable framework for further elucidation of miRNA expression and function in NK cell biology.
A previous genome-wide association study identified several loci with genetic variants associated with prostate cancer survival time in two cohorts from Sweden. Whether these variants have an effect ...in other populations or if their effect is homogenous across the course of disease is unknown.
These variants were genotyped in a cohort of 1,298 patients. Samples were linked with age, PSA level, Gleason score, cancer stage at surgery, and times from surgery to biochemical recurrence to death from prostate cancer. SNPs rs2702185 and rs73055188 were tested for association with prostate cancer-specific survival time using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model. SNP rs2702185 was further tested for association with time to biochemical recurrence and time from biochemical recurrence to death with a multi-state model.
SNP rs2702185 at SMG7 was associated with prostate cancer-specific survival time, specifically the time from biochemical recurrence to prostate cancer death (HR, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.5; P = 0.0014). Nine variants were in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with rs2702185; one, rs10737246, was found to be most likely to be functional based on LD patterns and overlap with open chromatin. Patterns of open chromatin and correlation with gene expression suggest that this SNP may affect expression of SMG7 in T cells.
The SNP rs2702185 at the SMG7 locus is associated with time from biochemical recurrence to prostate cancer death, and its LD partner rs10737246 is predicted to be functional.
These results suggest that future association studies of prostate cancer survival should consider various intervals over the course of disease.
Despite increasing attention to the importance of examining factors that impact housing instability and homelessness, the field lacks a validated scale of housing instability. The current study ...examined the reliability and validity of a seven-item scale that measures housing instability. Data were taken from a larger study which implemented the Domestic Violence Housing First model across five domestic violence agencies in the Pacific Northwest. A total of 406 participants were interviewed every six months over a period of two years. A Spanish version of the scale was administered to Spanish-speaking participants. Results provide an overview of the psychometric functioning of the scale and support its utility in assessing housing instability and homelessness. Specifically, the scale demonstrated concurrent and predictive validity, and showed evidence of scalar equivalence over time and across both language and locality. The current scale is therefore a succinct and psychometrically sound measure of housing instability which can be used moving forward to track housing instability in English and Spanish speakers, as well as in urban and rural settings.
PTEN regulates natural killer cell trafficking in vivo Leong, Jeffrey W.; Schneider, Stephanie E.; Sullivan, Ryan P. ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS,
02/2015, Letnik:
112, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Significance Natural killer (NK) cells are critical players in the response to viruses and transformed cells, but the molecular mechanisms controlling their functions are incompletely understood. A ...major pathway leading to NK cell activation is the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. However, the impact of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a key phosphatase opposing this pathway, on NK cells has not been reported. We generated a previously unreported NK cell-intrinsic PTEN-deletion mouse model to evaluate its role in NK cell biology. In contrast to other lymphocytes, we demonstrate that the primary effects of PTEN loss are marked perturbation in NK cell trafficking and distribution during both homeostasis and malignancy. These findings indicate that PTEN plays an essential role in NK cell localization in vivo.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a critical negative regulator of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway, members of which play integral roles in natural killer (NK) cell development and function. However, the functions of PTEN in NK cell biology remain unknown. Here, we used an NK cell-specific PTEN-deletion mouse model to define the ramifications of intrinsic NK cell PTEN loss in vivo. In these mice, there was a significant defect in NK cell numbers in the bone marrow and peripheral organs despite increased proliferation and intact peripheral NK cell maturation. Unexpectedly, we observed a significant expansion of peripheral blood NK cells and the premature egress of NK cells from the bone marrow. The altered trafficking of NK cells from peripheral organs into the blood was due to selective hyperresponsiveness to the blood localizing chemokine S1P. To address the importance of this trafficking defect to NK cell immune responses, we investigated the ability of PTEN-deficient NK cells to traffic to a site of tumor challenge. PTEN-deficient NK cells were defective at migrating to distal tumor sites but were more effective at clearing tumors actively introduced into the peripheral blood. Collectively, these data identify PTEN as an essential regulator of NK cell localization in vivo during both homeostasis and malignancy.
NK cells develop in the bone marrow and complete their maturation in peripheral organs, but the molecular events controlling maturation are incompletely understood. The miR-15/16 family of microRNA ...regulates key cellular processes and is abundantly expressed in NK cells. In this study, we identify a critical role for miR-15/16 in the normal maturation of NK cells using a mouse model of NK-specific deletion, in which immature NK cells accumulate in the absence of miR-15/16. The transcription factor c-Myb (Myb) is expressed preferentially by immature NK cells, is a direct target of miR-15/16, and is increased in 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells. Importantly, maturation of 15a/16-1 floxed knockout NK cells was rescued by Myb knockdown. Moreover, Myb overexpression in wild-type NK cells caused a defective NK cell maturation phenotype similar to deletion of miR-15/16, and Myb overexpression enforces an immature NK cell transcriptional profile. Thus, miR-15/16 regulation of Myb controls the NK cell maturation program.
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