Applications supporting various multimedia data in wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have specific QoS requirements on bandwidth, delay, and/or packet loss. Perception of applications' QoS ...requirements and detection of link states are indispensable for the design of QoS-aware routing mechanism. Software defined networking (SDN) is suitable for the purpose since it provides visibility of network resources and programmable interfaces. OpenFlow is the most recognized realization of SDN. We propose a QoS-aware routing mechanism for OpenFlow-enabled WMSNs. The mechanism consists of a framework and routing algorithms on SDN controller. The framework includes two functions: detection of link states among OpenFlow-enabled nodes and determination of flow's QoS requirements. The routing algorithms are achieved in two steps. First, the SDN controller seeks the feasible paths that satisfy QoS requirements of a flow. If there is no path which satisfies the required QoS, the path will be decided by the proposed algorithms depending on flow types: delay-sensitive, bandwidth-sensitive, and best-effort traffic. We conducted experiments on a SDN testbed to evaluate our mechanism and compared the results with conventional routing protocols. The results show that proposed routing mechanism increases the throughput by 43% for video data and reduces the delay by more than 30% for audio data.
Random noise adversely affects the signal-to-noise ratio of complex seismic signals in complex surface conditions and media. The primary challenges related to processing seismic data have always been ...reducing the random noise and increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. In this study, we propose an improved cycle-consistent generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) seismic random noise suppression method. First, the generator replaces the original cycle-consistent generative adversarial network generator network structure with the Unet structure combined with the Resnet structure in order to increase the diversity of seismic data feature extraction and decrease the loss of seismic data details. Second, in order to improve the network’s stability, the feature extraction effect, the event texture preservation effect, and the signal-to-noise ratio, the Least Square GAN (LSGAN) square difference loss is used in place of the conventional generative adversarial network cross-entropy loss. The feasibility of the proposed method was confirmed using model and real seismic data, both of which demonstrated that the improved cycle-consistent generative adversarial network method effectively suppressed random noise in seismic data. In addition, the denoising effect was superior to both the widely used FX deconvolution denoising method and original cycle-consistent generative adversarial network denoising method.
Significance:
Heart failure, a disease with extremely high incidence, is closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) ...pathway plays an important role in the occurrence and development of heart failure.
Recent advances:
Previous studies have shown that TLR4/NF-κB causes heart failure by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation; damaging the endothelia; promoting fibrosis; and inducing myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy.
Critical issues:
Understanding the pathogenesis of heart failure is essential for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we outline the mechanisms underlying TLR4/NF-κB pathway-mediated heart failure and discuss drugs that alleviate heart failure by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
Future directions:
During TLR4/NF-κB overactivation, interventions targeting specific receptor antagonists may effectively alleviate heart failure, thus providing a basis for the development of new anti-heart failure drugs.
Background
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays a crucial role in cardiovascular diseases. Thus, it can be considered a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this study, poly ...(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) nanoparticle-eluting stents loaded with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an ER stress inhibitor, was fabricated to assess their ability to reduce endothelial cell apoptosis and promote re-endothelialization after stent implantation.
Materials and methods
PDLLA nanoparticles loaded with TUDCA were prepared
via
the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The cumulative release rates of TUDCA were measured
in vitro via
high-performance liquid chromatography. The carotid arteries of rabbits were subsequently implanted with stents
in vivo
. The rabbits were then sacrificed after 4 weeks for scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, TUDCA concentration in the homogenate of the peripheral blood and distal vascular tissue after stent implantation was measured. The effect of TUDCA on ERS, apoptosis, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) function was investigated
in vitro
by performing cell migration assay, wound healing assay, cell proliferation assays, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific fluorescence staining, immunofluorescence, and western blotting.
Results
TUDCA nanoparticles were released slowly over 28 days. In addition, TUDCA-eluting stents enhanced re-endothelialization and accelerated the recovery of endotheliocytes
in vivo
. ERS and apoptosis significantly increased in H
2
O
2
-treated HUVECs
in vitro
. Meanwhile, TUDCA reduced apoptosis and improved function by inhibiting ERS in H
2
O
2
-treated HUVECs. Decreased rates of apoptosis and ERS were observed after silencing XBP-1s in H
2
O
2
-treated HUVECs.
Conclusion
TUDCA can inhibit apoptosis and promote re-endothelialization after stent implantation by inhibiting IRE/XBP1s-related ERS. These results indicate the potential therapeutic application of TUDCA as a drug-coated stent.
For IP-based mobile networks, efficient mobility management is vital to provision seamless online service. IP address starvation and scalability issue constrain the wide deployment of existing ...mobility schemes, such as Mobile IP, Proxy Mobile IP, and their derivations. Most of the studies focus on the scenario of mobility among public networks. However, most of current networks, such as home networks, sensor networks, and enterprise networks, are deployed with private networks hard to apply mobility solutions. With the rapid development, Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers the opportunity of innovation to support mobility in private network schemes. In this paper, a novel mobility management scheme is presented to support mobile node moving from public network to private network in a seamless handover procedure. The centralized control manner and flexible flow management in SDN are utilized to provide network-based mobility support with better QoS guarantee. Benefiting from SDN/OpenFlow technology, complex handover process is simplified with fewer message exchanges. Furthermore, handover efficiency can be improved in terms of delay and overhead reduction, scalability, and security. Analytical analysis and implementation results showed a better performance than mobile IP in terms of latency and throughput variation.
Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a promising architecture as an alternative paradigm to traditional IP networking. The innovative concepts, such as named data, name-based routing, and ...in-network caching bring lots of benefits to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Simple and robust communication model of ICN, based on interest/data messages exchange, is appealing to be deployed in WSNs. However, ICN architectures are designed for power supplied network devices rather than resource-constrained sensor nodes. Introducing ICN-liked architecture to WSNs needs to rethink the naming scheme and forwarding strategy to meet the requirements of energy efficiency and failure recovery. This paper presents a light weight data centric routing mechanism (GRMR) for interest dissemination and data delivery in location-aware WSNs. A simple naming scheme gives assistance for routing decision by individual nodes. Greedy routing engaging with regional multicast mechanism provides an efficient data centric routing approach. The performance is analytically evaluated and simulated in NS-2. The results indicate that GRMR achieves significant energy efficiency under investigated scenarios.
Background The gamma-type phospholipase A.sub.2 inhibitor (PLIgamma) is a natural protein commonly found in snake serum, which can neutralize pathophysiological effects of snake venom phospholipases ...A.sub.2. Therefore, this protein is a potential candidate to the development of a novel antivenom. To the best of our knowledge, there is no antibody currently available for PLIgamma identification and characterization. Methods Bioinformatics prediction of epitope using DNAStar software was performed based on the sequence of Sinonatrix annularis PLIgamma (SaPLIgamma). The best epitope .sup.151CPVLRLSNRTHEANRNDLIKVA.sup.172 was chosen and synthesized, and then conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and bovine serum albumin for use as an immunogen and plate-coating antigen, respectively. Results Eighteen IgG anti-PLIgamma mAb hybridoma cell strains were obtained, and all the mAbs had positive interaction with recombinant His6-PLIgamma and natural SaPLIgamma. Moreover, the mAb from 10E9 strain was also successfully used for the immunodetection of other snake serum PLIgammas. cDNA sequence alignment of those PLIgammas from different snake species showed that their epitope segments were highly homologous. Conclusions The successful preparation of anti-PLIgammamAb is significant for further investigation on the relationship between the structure and function of PLIgammas, as well as the interaction between PLIgammas and PLA.sub.2s. Keywords: Monoclonal antibody, Phospholipase A.sub.2 inhibitor, Epitope prediction
In this paper, the preparation and the test of the
endothermic properties of modified expanded graphitebased
Ca
Zn
(OH)
composite materials are reported,
which is promised to be used for heat ...storage. Coprecipitation
method is employed to prepare the modified
expanded graphite-based Ca
Zn
(OH)
composite materials
for heat storage. Ca(OH)
is dissolved in water first,
and a certain amount of ZnO is added into the Ca(OH)
solution
to get a milky suspension; thereafter the modified
expanded graphite is immersed into the milky suspension
to prepare the composite materials by way of physical adsorption.
Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetric
analyzer is used to analyze the endothermic properties of
the material. The results show that the endothermic enthalpy
of the composite material is about 1000 J/g with
lower decomposition temperature.
Abstract
SIRT6 deacetylase activity improves stress resistance via gene silencing and genome maintenance. Here, we reveal a deacetylase-independent function of SIRT6, which promotes anti-apoptotic ...gene expression via the transcription factor GATA4. SIRT6 recruits TIP60 acetyltransferase to acetylate GATA4 at K328/330, thus enhancing its chromatin binding capacity. In turn, GATA4 inhibits the deacetylase activity of SIRT6, thus ensuring the local chromatin accessibility via TIP60-promoted H3K9 acetylation. Significantly, the treatment of doxorubicin (DOX), an anti-cancer chemotherapeutic, impairs the SIRT6–TIP60–GATA4 trimeric complex, blocking GATA4 acetylation and causing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. While GATA4 hyperacetylation-mimic retains the protective effect against DOX, the hypoacetylation-mimic loses such ability. Thus, the data reveal a novel SIRT6–TIP60–GATA4 axis, which promotes the anti-apoptotic pathway to prevent DOX toxicity. Targeting the trimeric complex constitutes a new strategy to improve the safety of DOX chemotherapy in clinical application.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anthracycline antineoplastic drug. However, its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity limits its clinical application. Ononin is a natural isoflavone glycoside that is crucial ...in modulating apoptosis-related signaling pathways. In this study, we assessed the possible cardioprotective effects of ononin in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms. In vitro and in vivo assessments were performed using DOX-treated H9C2 cells and rats, respectively. First, DOX was injected into the tail veins of Wistar rats to induce cardiomyopathy. Next, rats in the DOX + Ononin30 and DOX + Ononin60 groups were intragastrically administered ononin two weeks before DOX treatment. H9C2 cells were treated with vehicle or DOX with or without ononin. Next, 3-TYP was used to determine the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) expression. Ononin treatment ameliorated DOX-induced myocardial injury as determined by echocardiography. Furthermore, ononin partially restored DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction; the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular systolic fractional shortening (LVFS) increased after pre-treatment with ononin. Further, ononin suppressed DOX-induced ER stress and apoptosis in rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and 78-kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (CHOP) expression levels were higher in the DOX-treated group than in the control group but ononin treatment improved these parameters. These effects are associated with SIRT3 activity. Moreover, 3-TYP blocked the ononin-mediated protective effects. Hence, ononin positively affected DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting ER stress and apoptosis, possibly mediated by stimulation of the SIRT3 pathway.
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•Ononin prevented DOX-induced cardiac tissue damage in vivo.•Ononin inhibited DOX-induced apoptosis in vivo and in vitro.•Ononin inhibited DOX-induced ER stress in vivo and in vitro.•Ononin adjusted SIRT3 level in vivo and in vitro.•3-TYP(a selective SIRT3 inhibitor) reversed the effect of Ononin in vivo and in vitro.
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