Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), characterized by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular epithelial cells, is the typical pathological alteration in diabetic nephropathy. ...Gentiopicroside (GPS), a natural compound with anti-inflammatory activity, has been demonstrated to alleviate glomerulosclerosis, whereas whether GPS inhibits TIF
via
regulating inflammation remains unclear. In this study, diabetic db/db mice and high glucose (HG)-stimulated renal tubular epithelial cells (NRK-52E) were applied to explore the effects and mechanisms of GPS on TIF. The results
in vivo
showed that GPS effectively improves glycolipid metabolism disorder, renal dysfunction, and TIF. In particular, GPS treatment reversed the abnormal expressions of EMT marker proteins including elevated α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin and decreased E-cadherin in the kidney of db/db mice. Moreover, GPS treatment also inhibited protein expressions of angiotensinⅡ type 1 receptor (AT1R) and CK2α and the activation of the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, the aforementioned effects of GPS acted
in vivo
were further observed
in vitro
in HG-stimulated NRK-52E cells, which were independent of its effects on glucose and lipid-lowering activity but were reversed by AT1R over-expression. Together, our results indicate that GPS that directly inhibits the CK2/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway
via
AT1R may also contribute to the amelioration of TIF in diabetes.
The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of acidic electrolyzed water (AEW) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus on shrimp. The shrimp was initially inoculated with V. ...parahaemolyticus(7–8 log CFU/g), and treated with AEW (AEW1 containing 51 mg/L of chlorine or AEW2 containing 78 mg/L of chlorine) or organic acids (2% AA and 2%LA) for 1 min or 5 min under different treated conditions. The effect of AEW was better than that of organic acids, the number of survival V. parahaemolyticus cells on shrimp was reduced by 0.9 log CFU/g after treatment for 5 min with AEW without vibration, while 1.0 log CFU/g bacteria cells reduced with vibration. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed between AEW and organic acids in the bactericidal activity with or without vibration. The effective order of temperatures on bactericidal activities of AEW was 50 °C > 20 °C > 4 °C, and a 3.1 log CFU/g reduction of V. parahaemolyticus cells on shrimp was detected with treatment of AEW at 50 °C. Mild heat greatly enhanced efficacy of electrolyzed water against V. parahaemolyticus. Basic electrolyzed water (BEW) (50 °C) pretreatment combined with AEW (50 °C) treatment remarkably reduced bacterial cells by 5.4 log CFU/g on shrimp after treatment for 5 min. There was a significant change in physicochemical properties (pH, ORP, ACC) of AEW, after it was used to wash shrimp (P < 0.05). This study suggests that BEW (50 °C) pretreatment followed by AEW (50 °C) treatment could be a possible method to effectively control V. parahaemolyticus contamination on shrimp.
► We investigate the efficacy of electrolyzed water against Vibrio parahaemolyticus contamination on shrimp. ► AEW and organic acids have no difference in bactericidal activity with or without vibration treatment for 5 min. ► The 50° is the most effective temperature on bactericidal activities of AEW. ► BEW (50°) pretreatment and AEW (50°) treatment for 5 min remarkably reduce V. parahaemolyticus cells on shrimp.
Taking into consideration the inaccurate temperature predictions in traditional thermal models of power devices, we undertook a study on the temperature rise characteristics of heterojunction bipolar ...transistors (HBTs) with a two-dimensional cross-sectional structure including a sub-collector region. We developed a current-adjusted polynomial electro-thermal coupling model based on investigating floating heat sources. This model was developed using precise simulation data acquired from SILVACO (Santa Clara, CA, USA). Additionally, we utilized COMSOL software (version 5.6) to simulate the temperature distribution within parallel power cells, examining further impacts resulting from thermal coupling. The research findings indicate that the rise in current induces modifications in the local carrier concentration, thereby prompting variations in the local electric field, including changes in the heat source's peak location and intensity. The device's peak temperature exhibits a non-linear trend regulated by the current, revealing an error margin of less than 1.5% in the proposed current-corrected model. At higher current levels, the drift of the heat source leads to an increase in the heat dissipation path and reduces the coupling strength between parallel devices. Experiments were performed on 64 GaAs (gallium arsenide) HBT-based power cells using a QFI infrared imaging system. Compared to the traditional temperature calculation model, the proposed model increased the accuracy by 6.84%, allowing for more precise predictions of transistor peak temperatures in high-power applications.
A facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, spore-forming
strain, 17-SMS-01
, isolated from spent mushroom substrate in the Fangshan District, Beijing, PR China, was initially identified as a
...group species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain 17-SMS-01
had the highest sequence similarities to
FSL W8-0169
(99.9 %),
N35-10-2
(99.9 %),
TD41
(99.9 %) and
TD42
(99.9 %). However, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) values between strain 17-SMS-01
and the most closely related species were less than the previously proposed cut-off values of 96 % (ANI) and 70 % (DDH) for differentiating species within the genus, suggesting that this strain represents a novel
group species. The fatty acid profile of strain 17-SMS-01
, which showed a predominance of iso-C
and anteiso-C
, supported the allocation of the strain to the genus
. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 (100%). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, an unidentified aminophospholiped and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 35.0 mol%. The results of physiological and biochemical tests also allowed the phenotypic differentiation of strain 17-SMS-01
from the most closely related recognized species. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, strain 17-SMS-01
represents a novel
species, for which the name
sp. nov. is proposed. Type strain of the novel species is 17-SMS-01
(=MCCC 1K03483
=KCTC 33949
).
Reverse micelles (RMs) are nanometer-sized aggregates of surfactants containing encapsulated water molecules as inner cores within a bulk nonpolar solvent. With special confined aqueous cores, RMs ...have emerged as a useful technique with a variety of applications in food science; however still lacking a comprehensive review in the subject area. This paper aims to critically review the research on the applications of RMs in food science, which allow us to better understand its current status, limits and potential.
The current applications of RMs in food science were reviewed, including food protein extraction, simultaneous extraction of oils and proteins, utilization and development of effective antioxidants, separation and purification of enzymes, fabrication of enzyme-immobilized magnetic nanoparticles, and enrichment of food-derived components for analysis and quantification. The challenges and future perspectives were further discussed.
The major applications of RMs in food science are extraction and purification of proteins and enzymes. The solutions to overcome the challenges were proposed, such as construction of effective RMs system by more biocompatible surfactants and apolar solvents, implementing continuous extraction, and complete removal of residual surfactants from the end products. Future research on expanding the application areas was directed, for instance, as a separation method to fractionate bioactive molecules, as a model system to explore the behaviors of bioactive molecules at cellular level and further illustrate the bioactive mechanism, and as potential nanocarriers for delivering food-derived bioactive compounds. Overall, RMs technique shows promises as a powerful strategy in food science.
•RMs have confined water cores encapsulated by surfactants within nonpolar solvent.•RMs technique is mainly used in food science for extraction of protein and enzyme.•Designing RMs using biocompatible surfactant and apolar solvent is required.•Research on expanding the application areas of RMs in food science was suggested.•RMs technique has great potential to be widely utilized in food science.
Potato protein-derived decapeptide DIKTNKPVIF exerted anti-inflammatory activity in animal models when delivered via intragastric gavage and intraperitoneal injection. However, DIKTNKPVIF is ...susceptible to hydrolysis in the digestive tract, which will decrease its bioaccessibility and possibly bioactivity. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of fragments generated from in silico gastrointestinal enzymatic hydrolysis of DIKTNKPVIF was investigated using the human monocytic (THP-1) cell line. The simulated digestion by pepsin and trypsin released four fragments, DIKTNKPVI, TNKPVIF, DIK and TNKPVI. The peptides lacked the cleavage sites of chymotrypsin. All five peptides were predicted to be non-toxic, which was validated using cytotoxicity assay at 0.25–1 mM peptide concentration. However, the peptides were predicted to possess poor pharmacokinetic profiles, including low passive gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier permeability. TNKPVIF, DIK and TNKPVI significantly reduced the amount of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor in lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 cells. Notably, the anti-inflammatory activity of fragment TNKPVI was comparable to that of the parent decapeptide while peptide fragment DIKTNKPVI had no apparent effect on the pro-inflammatory cytokines. This highlights the important role of the C-terminal phenylalanine residue of the parent peptide in the bioactivity. Furthermore, given its activity and the absence of cleavage sites of major digestive proteases, TNKPVI could be the biostable and bioaccessible pharmacophore of potato patatin-derived anti-inflammatory decapeptide DIKTNKPVIF.
In this paper, three large curved waveguides based on Sunflower Graded photonic crystal are designed. Numerical simulations of electromagnetic beam bending in Sunflower Graded photonic crystals have ...shown that homogenization based on the Maxwell–Garnett theory gives very good results for steering the electromagnetic field. In contrast to the progressive bending waveguide structures based on periodic photonic crystal designs reported in the literature, this structure is not only simple in design, but also the optical wave trends in the progressive bending waveguide structures are more smooth. Sunflower structures, due to their high circular symmetry, have a great advantage in making arbitrary curved waveguides. The results have some theoretical implications for the design of optical integrated circuits and the selection of optically thin communication devices. It is also useful for the selection of meta-materials.
The feeding relationship between copepods and phytoplankton has immense ecological significance. This study investigated the feeding behavior of copepods by studying the feeding selectivity of ...Paracalanus parvus, a key small copepod species, using a high-speed camera. The feeding behavior of P. parvus separately fed on three algae, Prorocentrum minimum, Alexandrium minutum, and Thalassiosira weissflogii, was studied at five different concentrations. The factors characterizing feeding behavior, including the beating frequency (BF), beating time (BT), and rejection behavior, were analyzed. The average BT and BF of P. parvus fed on toxic algae were significantly lower than those of copepods fed on nontoxic algae, indicating that the toxic algae negatively affected their feeding behavior. There were no significant differences in feed rejection among the three algae during the short period of experimentation, indicating that the rejection behavior was insignificant in the early period (within 20 min) of feeding on toxic algae. The feeding behavior was inhibited when the concentration reached 250 cells/mL. The BT was initially affected at increasing concentrations followed by the BF, and P. minimum and A. minutum reduced the BF at concentrations of 250 and 1000 cells/mL, respectively. Analysis of the average BFs revealed that P. parvus was more significantly affected by P. minimum containing diarrheal shellfish poison than by A. minutum containing paralytic shellfish poison. The BF of copepods fed on P. minimum was significantly lower than that of copepods fed on A. minutum at 250–500 cells/mL but was not significantly different from that at 1000 cells/mL. This indicated that the inhibitory effect of P. minimum on the feeding behavior was more significant at concentrations observed at the onset of red tide blooms (0.25–0.5 × 102 cells/mL), but insignificant at concentrations reaching those in advanced red tides (>103 cells/mL). This study demonstrates that toxic dinoflagellates alter the feeding behavior of copepods and describes the variations in their feeding response to different algal species and concentrations. The findings provide crucial insights for further studies on the feeding relationship between copepods and phytoplankton and on functional assessment of plankton ecosystems.
An efficient and sensitive ultra-performance chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to simultaneously determinate and quantify mosapride (M) and its des-p-fluorobenzyl (M1) and 4′-N-oxide ...(M2) metabolites using carbamazepine as the internal standard (IS) in rat plasma has been developed and validated. Analytes were extracted from aliquots of plasma with ethyl acetate after alkalization using saturated sodium carbonate solution. The chromatographic separation was conducted on a BEH C18 column (100mm×2.1mm, 1.7μm) with the gradient elution using a mobile phase of acetonitrile – 0.2% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.25mL/min for 4min. The tandem mass spectrometric detection was conducted using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by the positive electrospray ionization (ESI). The ion transitions monitored were m/z 422→198 for mosapride, m/z 314→198 for M1, m/z 438→109 for M2 and m/z 237→194 for IS. The linear ranges of the calibration curves were 1.0–2000ng/mL for M, 0.75–1875ng/mL for M1 and 0.4–40ng/mL for M2. And the corresponding lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of the method were 1.0, 0.75, 0.4ng/mL for M, M1 and M2, respectively. The intra- and inter-day precision for all analytes were less than 8.1% and 11.6%, respectively. The inter-assay mean accuracy was between −6.4% and 8.1%. No relevant cross-talk and matrix effect were observed. There were significant differences between male and female rats for M, M1 and M2.
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•A UPLC–MS/MS method for analysis of mosapride and its two metabolites was developed.•The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.•Lower limit of quantification of 1.0, 0.75, 0.4ng/mL were achieved.
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