Abstract The sensitivity of the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) of Hurricane Edouard (2014) to the diurnal solar insolation cycle is examined with convection-permitting simulations. A control run ...with a real diurnal radiation cycle and a sensitivity experiment without solar insolation are conducted. In the control run, there is an area of relatively weak convection between the outer rainbands and the primary eyewall, that is, a moat region. This area is highly sensitive to solar shortwave radiative heating, mostly in the mid- to upper levels in the daytime, which leads to a net stabilization effect and suppresses convective development. Moreover, the heated surface air weakens the wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) feedback between the surface fluxes (that promote convection) and convective heating (that feeds into the secondary circulation and then the tangential wind). Consequently, a typical SEF with a clear moat follows. In the sensitivity experiment, in contrast, net radiative cooling leads to persistent active inner rainbands between the primary eyewall and outer rainbands, and these, along with the absence of the rapid filamentation zone, are detrimental to moat formation and thus to SEF. Sawyer–Eliassen diagnoses further suggest that the radiation-induced difference in diabatic heating is more important than the vortex wind structure for moat formation and SEF. These results suggest that the SEF is highly sensitive to solar insolation.
Weather and climate variations on subseasonal to decadal time scales can have enormous social, economic, and environmental impacts, making skillful predictions on these time scales a valuable tool ...for decision-makers. As such, there is a growing interest in the scientific, operational, and applications communities in developing forecasts to improve our foreknowledge of extreme events. On subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) time scales, these include high-impact meteorological events such as tropical cyclones, extratropical storms, floods, droughts, and heat and cold waves. On seasonal to decadal (S2D) time scales, while the focus broadly remains similar (e.g., on precipitation, surface and upper-ocean temperatures, and their effects on the probabilities of high-impact meteorological events), understanding the roles of internal variability and externally forced variability such as anthropogenic warming in forecasts also becomes important. The S2S and S2D communities share common scientific and technical challenges. These include forecast initialization and ensemble generation; initialization shock and drift; understanding the onset of model systematic errors; bias correction, calibration, and forecast quality assessment; model resolution; atmosphere–ocean coupling; sources and expectations for predictability; and linking research, operational forecasting, and end-user needs. In September 2018 a coordinated pair of international conferences, framed by the above challenges, was organized jointly by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) and the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP). These conferences surveyed the state of S2S and S2D prediction, ongoing research, and future needs, providing an ideal basis for synthesizing current and emerging developments in these areas that promise to enhance future operational services. This article provides such a synthesis.
In the North China Plain (NCP), excessive groundwater pumping is a serious problem. In this study, different groundwater irrigation schedules were applied. A simple soil water balance approach was ...introduced to evaluate crop evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency (WUE). Under normal irrigation scheduling, groundwater mining occurs at a rate of over 200
mm per year from a rapidly depleting aquifer system. Severe soil water deficit (SWD) decreases grain yield (GY) of wheat (
Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (
Zea mays L.), while slight SWD in a growth stage from spring green up to grain-filling winter wheat did not evidently reduce GY and WUE. A severe or slight SWD significantly reduces ET, which mainly depends on irrigation amounts. Thus, it is possible to reduce ET somewhat without significantly decreasing GY. ET was correlated to GY in a parabolic function, and maximum yield for winter wheat occurred when optimal ET for winter wheat was about 447
mm. It was important for wheat and maize to be irrigated before sowing to improve soil water storage (SWS), and the effect of the irrigation apparently increased wheat GY.
Physical exercise during pregnancy is beneficial to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but evidence on the association between physical exercise and glycemic control among women with GDM ...is limited in China. We conducted this study to understand the total exercise times, the percentage of abnormal plasma glucose (PG), and to explore if longer physical exercise is positively associated with a lower percentage of abnormal PG among GDM women.
During 2019 and 2020, we established a prospective cohort with 1,050 GDM women recruited. GDM was confirmed by a diagnostic 75g OGTT, and plasma glucose in over 10 hours overnight fasting and 2-hour after breakfast was implemented during a routine antenatal checkup. Information for demographic features and physical exercises among GDM women were collected by questionnaire interviews, and abnormal PG percentage was calculated as abnormal PG times divided by total PG test times.
Among 1,050 GDM women, the percentage of exercise times <150 minutes/week, <30 minutes/day and <60 minutes/day was 17.33%, 26.57%, and 54.10%, respectively. The median percentage of abnormal PG was 40% (IQR=20-70%). GDM women with less exercise had a higher abnormal PG percentage (y=0.0049x
-1.20x+88.96), ORs for women with exercise <150 minutes/week were 3.78 (95% CI=1.33-8.25), 6.97 (3.45-14.07), and 6.39 (3.61-11.33) compared with ≥ 150 minutes/week, and ORs for women with exercise <60 minutes/day were 4.62 (2.71-8.14), 3.58 (2.60-4.93), and 7.28 (4.31-12.30) compared with ≥60 minutes/day in groups divided by quartiles of P
, P
and P
, respectively.
This study indicated high physical exercise times and abnormal PG percentage among women with GDM in Shanghai, China. GDM women with more exercise times had a lower percentage of abnormal PG, especially when exercise times were ≥60 minutes/day, and supplementary treatments should be provided for women with over 70% abnormal plasma glucose.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARA) is involved in fatty acid oxidation by upregulating the expression of acyl-coenzyme A oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase. In this study, ...PPARA gene variations in four chicken breeds (Guyuan, Wenchang, Tibetan, and Hisex) were detected by PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing. The results indicated six genotypes (AA-EF). When compared with the PPARA reference sequence (GenBank accession no. AF163809), the nucleotide sequences of genotypes AA, BB, AB, and CC revealed silent mutations in the three Chinese breeds. The nucleotide sequences of genotypes DD and EF in Hisex showed several frame-shift mutations, implying variations involving five alleles of the PPARA gene in chicken breeds. In addition, the distribution of genotype frequency within the PPARA gene was significantly different in the four breeds studied, implying that this locus would probably be an effective marker in marker-assisted selection for layer, meat-and-egg, and broiler breeds.
A sensitive and selective LC–MS/MS based bioanalytical method was developed and validated for the quantification of 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep), a novel epigenetic anti-tumor drug candidate, in ...Sprague–Dawley (SD) rat biosamples (plasma, urine, feces and tissue samples). The method comprises a phenylboronic acid (PBA)-containing solid phase extraction procedure, serving for binding and clean-up of DZNep in rat biosamples spiked with tubercidin (as internal standard). The analytes were separated on an Agilent hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) column. LC–MS/MS in positive ion mode was used to perform multiple reaction monitoring at
m/z of 263/135 and 267/135 for DZNep and tubercidin, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of DZNep in rat biosamples was 20
ng/mL. The data of intra-day and inter-day accuracy were within 15% of nominal concentration while the precision (relative standard deviation) less than 10% for all biosamples. The extraction recoveries for DZNep and tubercidin were consistent and reproducible (around 80%) and the matrix effects were negligible (around 10% suppression) in all biosamples. This method was demonstrated to be applicable for pharmacokinetic studies of DZNep in SD rats.
The size distribution, microstructure, and chemical composition of particulate matter samples from coal-fired power plants in China were measured using a laser particle analyzer, a scanning electron ...microscope (SEM), and an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The size distribution showed differences between the electrostatic precipitator capture efficiencies for coarse and fine particles. The microstructure measurements showed three typical particulate microstructures, spherical particles, plerospheres, and irregular particles. The surfaces of most spherical particles had microspheres that were often agglomerated together. The chemical composition of the particulate matter changed as the size decreased, while had differences from different feed coal.
Recently we isolated CN-3, a new asterosaponin from starfish
, and reported that asterosaponin arrests glioma cell cycle via SCUBE3. However, the multiple mechanisms underlying CN-3 anti-glioma ...action remains poorly known. Thus, the focus of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of CN-3 on human glioma cells and its underlying molecular mechanisms. U87 and U251 cells were incubated with various concentrations of CN-3, and CCK-8, transmission electron microscopy, ICELLigence, TUNEL, flow cytometry,
-acetyl-L-cysteine, and western blot were conducted. As a result, it was found that CN-3 significantly inhibited U87 and U251 cell viability and proliferation in a time- and dose- dependent manner, and also induced mitochondrial apoptosis. Furthermore, we detected that CN-3 downregulated PI3K, P-Akt, AKT and BCL-2, and upregulated cytochrome C and BAX in U87 and U251 cells. Moreover, ROS triggered the inhibition and cell apoptosis for CN-3 via inactivation of P-Akt and activation of cytochrome C. In conclusion, these findings suggest that CN-3 may be a promising candidate for the development of a therapy of glioma.
In order to study genetic variation of tyrosinase gene in four different flesh color chicken breeds selected from special districts including Guyuan, Wenchang, Tibetan and Hisex chicken, five loci of ...the
TYR
gene exon-1 and one locus of 5′ flanking region were analyzed in PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing. The results indicated that there were polymorphisms only at
TYR
1 and
TYR
3 locus. At
TYR
1 locus located in exon-1, there were three genotypes (TT, CC, TC), respectively, in three Chinese chicken breeds, and Genotype CC had not been detected in Hisex chicken. At
TYR
3 locus located in 5′ flanking region, there were three genotypes (GG, AA and GA) in Chinese local chicken breeds and genotype AA had not been detected in Hisex chicken breed. It was concluded that there were many variations of
TYR
gene in Chinese local chicken breeds. DNA sequencing of PCR products for different genotypes showed that there were two mutation sites, respectively, C to T at
TYR
1 locus and G to A at
TYR
3 locus. Mutation at
TYR
1 locus did not cause any amino acid variation. The chi-square analysis revealed that there were significant statistical differences generally between flesh color and the two loci among four chicken populations (
P
< 0.01). Our results suggested that the flesh color was related to genotype of
TYR
gene in Chinese chicken breeds. This study provided original information for elucidating the possible roles of exon-1 of
TYR
gene and 5′ flanking region in chickens with different flesh color chicken.
Subseasonal to Decadal Prediction Merryfield, William J.; Baehr, Johanna; Batté, Lauriane ...
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
09/2020, Letnik:
101, Številka:
9
Journal Article
PDF
