The concept of the "dark figure" refers to the discrepancy between the actual occurrence of criminal activities and the quantity of reported incidents received by the criminal justice system, ...particularly law enforcement agencies. The term "dark figure of crime" pertains to unreported criminal incidents that are not captured inside the criminal justice system. Inclusion of these unreported crimes in official crime statistics would result in a significant amplification of the overall crime figures. To address the disparity between police records, namely police crime statistics, and the actual occurrence of crimes, many regions have initiated efforts to incorporate victims as the focal point of their investigations. In Indonesia, surveys of victims are generally carried out by private groups, and relate to certain types of crimes. The hesitancy exhibited by victims in reporting their experiences might provide challenges for law enforcement officials in their efforts to uphold societal stability. Victim surveys can extend beyond individuals who have directly experienced crime, encompassing tertiary victims (i.e., indirect victims) who harbour concerns about potential victimisation. Victim surveys can also be utilised to examine victims' perspectives within the complex framework of the criminal justice system, particularly in cases involving many victimisation incidents.
Keywords: crime, survey, victims
This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ...ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture.Contribution: This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia.
In the current era of disruption, causality cannot be opposed to religion, so the independence of reason can contribute to the development of contemporary global thought in the Islamic world. This ...paper seeks to uncover the roots of the periodization of the philosophy of Islamic rationalism in the view of Zaki Naquib Mahmud. The primary data source is three books titled Arabiy baina Tsaqafatain, Tajdid Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, and Al-Ma’qul wa al-La Ma’qul fi Turatsina al-Fikribaik. Research data is a discourse that contains elements of religion and rationalism. The process of collecting data in this study is by studying literature and tracking various references related to the study’s focus. Data analysis techniques are carried out by the method of content analysis. Data validity using a triangulation model, by comparing data and relevant theory. The result of this study is that there are five phases of periodization of the philosophy of Islamic rationalism in the perspective of Zaki Naquib Mahmud, namely simple thinking misykat represented by Ali ibn Abi Talib; the lamp of reason misbah is characterized by the occurrence of philosophical debates about leadership and the great sin; the lamp glass Zujajah al Misbah is marked by the appearance of Bayt al-Ḥikmah in Baghdad; the luminous star kaukab durriy represented by the emergence of the Brotherhood of ash Shafa; and the endowed tree syajarah mubarakah. In this last phase, Zaki Naquib Mahmud positioned Ibn Rushd’s rationalism as an appropriate representation so as not to regress, even allowing for the realization of the renaissance in the Islamic world. This reflection of thought is expected to be able to inspire the millennial generation of Muslims about the importance of the philosophy of rationalism in the Islamic traditionContribution This article contributed to the goal of HTS Theological Studies to promote transdisciplinary aspects of religious studies in the international theological arena on philosophy in literary texts.
Al-Quran is God's revelation that has a position as a source of knowledge. It contains all matters of knowledge and supports the description of the existence of God and his majesty and the universe. ...Islam has a view of the concept of knowledge, which is closely related to God's involvement, the source of knowledge is believed to be God. This paper will examine several paradigms of Neal Robinson's thought in Islamic Philosophy among Orientalists, especially on the knowledge in the Qur'an. This is qualitative research with a library approach. The results of this study are that Neal Robinson's book consists of three main chapters, namely: Phenomenology; Text Chronology and Morphology; and Structure and Coherence. A text that has various roles and functions in the lives of its believers. Some of Robinson's studies are: how Muslims listen to the Qur'an, listening to the Qur'an; how do Muslims memorize the Qur'an, having the Qur'an by heart; and how the Qur'an is present in the daily life of Muslims, and the Qur'an in everyday life.
Implementation of Martin Heidegger's Hermeneutic Thought in the Study of Quranic InterpretationThis article examines Martin Heidegger's hermeneutical thinking and its relevance in the discourse on ...the science of Qur'anic interpretation. This research was designed with qualitative methods and included in library research. The analysis used by the researcher is data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. From the study conducted, it can be seen that: 1) Heidegger's metaphysical deconstruction project begins with a realignment of the most basic of metaphysics, namely the question of being; 2) Heidegger is able to include hermeneutics as part of the study of philosophy, precisely as a form of methodical response in which the subject-object perspective must be objectified through a mode of understanding the world above the consciousness of the subject, so as not to produce a rigid and black-and-white understanding of reality-as stated by Wilhem Dilthey with his Geisteswissencheften and Naturwissencheften; 3) Regarding the integration of hermeneutics into the study of the Qur'an, some of Heidegger's thoughts are considered applicable to open horizons regarding the reality of the interpretation of the Qur'an itself. Regarding the facticity or flux experienced by dasein, it gives us an understanding that the socio-cultural conditions in which dasein lives can affect the formation of human understanding (interpreter), which in the study of interpretation is accommodated with the term pre-understanding or mahaula al-mufassir. The theory about the temporality of dasein at least inspires Muslim thinkers to continue to carry out interpretive activities in order to present religious dictums that have relevance to different social conditions between dasein
•Fast pyrolysis of plastics promoted primary reactions.•Low-density polyethylene formed aliphatic hydrocarbons of C4-C22.•Polypropylene formed aliphatic hydrocarbons of C3-C22.•Polystyrene formed ...styrene.•Mechanism was suggested based on primary reactions of fast pyrolysis.
This study aimed to establish primary reactions and identify gaseous products during fast pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Fast pyrolysis was performed by using Py-GC/MS/FID at 574 ± 22 °C for 5 s. Gaseous fractions formed during pyrolysis of LDPE, PP and PS were 14 ± 1 wt%, 31 ± 3 wt% and 103 ± 12 wt%, respectively. The main gaseous compounds from LDPE were butane, 1-pentane and 1-hexene. PP pyrolysis gave propene, pentane and 2,4-dimethyl-1-heptene as the main gaseous compounds. Styrene monomer was the dominant gas from PS. The results showed that polyolefin (PP and PE) produced aliphatic hydrocarbons, while PS formed aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the proposed mechanism suggests that both inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen transfer occur during PP and PE pyrolysis. PS pyrolysis involves a C-C cleavage at the aliphatic side chain. This work is important to understand the mechanism of gas formation of primary reactions from pyrolysis of common plastics.
This study aims to reveal the interaction of local Javanese culture with an Islamic philosophical approach originating from the Cowongan tradition performed by shamans accompanied by dances with holy ...ladies and reciting mantras. This tradition is a prayer asking the gods to send down rain. This article emphasised that the Cowongan tradition places mystical power as the dominant element in life, which is embodied in symbols. The study of mysticism is closer to the study of Sufism which presents it as Islamic mysticism with the color of syncretism of religious teachings with local cultural practices embodied by mystical-occult practices as the Penginyongan culture.Contribution This research contributed to the fact that traditions that are good and acceptable to society can become the law as part of the Urf, which need to be maintained as long as they do not conflict with Sharia.
A single equation model that is often used ignores the interdependence between response variables. Frequently encountered variables that have a two-way relationship. These interrelated two-way ...relationships can be summarized in a simultaneous equation model system. There is a relationship between variables which are in fact dynamic. In the system model of simultaneous equations with dynamic panel data, each structural equation is a dynamic panel data regression equation. The estimation of using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) in the dynamic panel data model results in biased and inconsistent predictors because there is a lag of the dependent variable that correlates with the error. First difference in dynamic panel models is used to eliminate individual effects. Instrument variables are needed, namely variables that do not correlate with errors. Therefore, dynamic panel data models are more suitable to be used in analyzing poverty and social change. From the simultaneous equation model obtained, the dominant factors affecting the level of poverty in Central Java Province are the unemployment rate, Human Development Index, labor force participation rate, population, and Gross Regional Domestic Product.
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