The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established a standardized, category-based reporting system for thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. The 2017 revision ...reaffirms that every thyroid FNA report should begin with one of six diagnostic categories, the names of which remain unchanged since they were first introduced: (i) nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory; (ii) benign; (iii) atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS); (iv) follicular neoplasm or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm; (v) suspicious for malignancy; and (vi) malignant. There is a choice of two different names for some of the categories. A laboratory should choose the one it prefers and use it exclusively for that category. Synonymous terms (e.g., AUS and FLUS) should not be used to denote two distinct interpretations. Each category has an implied cancer risk that ranges from 0% to 3% for the "benign" category to virtually 100% for the "malignant" category, and, in the 2017 revision, the malignancy risks have been updated based on new (post 2010) data. As a function of their risk associations, each category is linked to updated, evidence-based clinical management recommendations. The recent reclassification of some thyroid neoplasms as noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) has implications for the risk of malignancy, and this is accounted for with regard to diagnostic criteria and optional notes. Such notes can be useful in helping guide surgical management.
•SMR, SE-SMR, ATR, and SE-ATR reactor models are developed.•Models are validated against the literature data.•The equilibrium performance is compared over a range of temperature and ...pressure.•Industrially viable and optimum temperature and pressure are reported.
The paper presents a comparison of steam methane reforming (SMR), sorption enhanced steam methane reforming (SE-SMR), auto-thermal reforming (ATR), and sorption enhanced auto-thermal reforming (SE-ATR) in a fixed bed reformer for hydrogen production. A one-dimensional, unsteady-state heterogeneous reactor model for each process which includes mass and thermal dispersion in the direction of flow and axial pressure distribution, has been simulated using gPROMS® 4.0.1 model builder, while CEA and Aspen Plus® have been employed to analyze the equilibrium performance and simulate the process flowsheets of individual process respectively. The performance of the individual hydrogen production process has been analyzed in terms of CH4 conversion (%), H2 yield (wt. % of CH4), H2 purity and CO2 capture under the various operating conditions of temperature (773–1473 K) and pressure (5–40 bar). The simulation results were also compared with the thermodynamic calculations and literature data. An excellent agreement was observed between our reactor modelling outputs and literature data. The operating conditions of 923 K, 30 bar and S/C of 3.0, O2/CH4 of 0.45 have been chosen. At these conditions, the CH4 conversion for SMR, SE-SMR, ATR, and SE-ATR was found to be 32%, 66%, 51%, and 76% respectively while the composition of hydrogen produced on a dry basis was 55%, 87%, 55%, and 92% respectively. It has been concluded that there are significant advantages of both sorption enhanced processes over conventional reforming in terms of CH4 conversion, H2 purity and the amount of H2 energy produced per unit CH4 energy consumed (MJ).
To address terminology and other issues related to thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) hosted The NCI Thyroid FNA State of the Science Conference. The ...conclusions regarding terminology and morphologic criteria from the NCI meeting led to the Bethesda Thyroid Atlas Project and form the framework for the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology.
Participants of the Atlas Project were selected from among the committee members of the NCI FNA State of the Science Conference and other participants at the live conference. The terminology framework was based on a literature search of English language publications dating back to 1995 using PubMed as the search engine; online forum discussions ( http://thyroidfna.cancer.gov/forums/default.aspx ); and formal interdisciplinary discussions held on October 22 and 23, 2007, in Bethesda, MD.
For clarity of communication, the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology recommends that each report begin with one of the six general diagnostic categories. Each of the categories has an implied cancer risk that links it to an appropriate clinical management guideline.
The project participants hope that the adoption of this framework will facilitate communication among cytopathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, and radiologists; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation for thyroid diseases; facilitate research into the understanding of thyroid diseases; and allow easy and reliable sharing of data from different laboratories for national and international collaborative studies.
To address terminology and other issues related to thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) hosted the NCI Thyroid FNA State of the Science Conference. The ...conclusions regarding terminology and morphologic criteria from the NCI meeting led to the Bethesda Thyroid Atlas Project and form the framework for The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC). For clarity of communication, TBSRTC recommends that each report begin with 1 of 6 general diagnostic categories. The project participants hope that the adoption of this flexible framework will facilitate communication among cytopathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, radiologists, and other health care providers; facilitate cytologic-histologic correlation for thyroid diseases; facilitate research into the epidemiology, molecular biology, pathology, and diagnosis of thyroid diseases; and allow easy and reliable sharing of data from different laboratories for national and international collaborative studies.
Experimental evidence suggests that oxidative and nitrative mechanisms account for much of the dopaminergic neuronal injury in Parkinson's disease (PD). The ubiquitously expressed non-receptor ...tyrosine kinase c-Abl is activated by oxidative stress and thus, may play a role in redox-mediated neurodegeneration. Recently, we reported that c-Abl is activated in PD and that a c-Abl inhibitor mitigated neuronal damage in a PD animal model, suggesting a novel neuroprotective therapeutic approach. In the studies presented here, we evaluated the efficacy of a potent and clinically relevant second-generation irreversible Abl kinase inhibitor, INNO-406, as a therapeutic agent for PD. Our studies reveal that INNO-406 is capable of preventing the progression of dopaminergic neuronal damage in a toxin-induced C57 mouse model of PD. Using bovine brain microvessel endothelium as an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model, we detected rapid and significant transfer of INNO-406. Additionally, pharmacokinetic analyses demonstrated significant nanomolar concentrations of INNO-406 in brain in the presence or absence of MPTP administration, however, INNO-406 did not alter the brain levels of MPP+ in MPTP-treated mice. Finally, we showed that 10 mg/kg of INNO-406 given to C57 mice for one week before MPTP treatment (4×20 mg/kg i.p., every 2 h) and then for one week after MPTP treatment decreased the loss of dopamine in the striatum by 45% and the loss of TH+ neurons in substantia nigra pars compacts by 40%. This treatment regimen also abrogated activation of c-Abl, tyrosine phosphorylation of the Abl substrate and E3-ubiquitin ligase parkin, and accumulation of the toxic parkin substrate AIMP2. We propose that compounds of the INNO-406 class of Abl inhibitors will be useful new neuroprotective drugs for the treatment of PD-like pathology in preclinical systems that should be easily translated to the clinic.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Syed, Fatima Z
Annals of internal medicine,
03/2022, Letnik:
175, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an endocrine disorder in which pancreatic β cells stop producing insulin, typically due to autoimmune destruction. This results in hyperglycemia and ketosis; thus, ...insulin replacement is vital to management. Incidence peaks in puberty and early adulthood, but onset can occur at any age. However, prevalence is highest among adults because persons with T1DM live for many years. Symptoms include polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis, which requires urgent management. Long-term complications include microvascular and macrovascular disease. Patients with T1DM are at higher risk for other autoimmune diseases and psychosocial issues. Management should focus on optimizing glucose control to reduce acute and long-term complications.
Pichia hampshirensis 4Aer is first ever used yeast for the bioremediation of environmental cadmium (Cd+2) which could maximally remove 22 mM/g and 28 mM/g Cd+2 from aqueous medium at lab and large ...scales, respectively. The biosorption was found to be the function of temperature, pH of solution, initial Cd+2 concentration and biomass dosage. Competitive biosorption was investigated in binary and multi-metal system which indicated the decrease in Cd+2 biosorption with increasing the competitive metal ions attributed to their higher electronegativity and larger radius. FTIR analysis revealed the active participation of amide and carbonyl moieties in Cd+2 adsorption confirmed by EDX analysis. Electron micrographs summoned further surface adsorption and increased cell size due to intracellular Cd+2 accumulation. Cd+2 was the causative agent of some metal binding proteins as well as prodigious increase in glutathione and other non-protein thiols levels which is the crucial for the yeast to thrive oxidative stress generated by Cd+2. Our experimental data were consistent with Langmuir as well as Freundlich isotherm models. The yeast obeyed pseudo second order kinetic model which makes it an effective biosorbent for Cd+2. High bioremediation potential and spontaneity and feasibility of the process make P. hampshirensis 4Aer an impending foundation for green chemistry to exterminate environmental Cd+2.
•Pichia hampshirensis 4Aer showed high resistance against heavy metal ions.•The yeast could remove nearly 80% Cd+2 from the medium over a period of 8 days.•The yeast followed pseudo second order kinetics, making it a good biosorbent for metal ions.•FTIR analysis showed the active participation of amide and carbonyl moieties in Cd+2 adsorption.•Increased GSH level played a significant role in thriving oxidative stress generated by metals.
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