In order to investigate the possibility of reducing GHG in winter wheat production, field trial was set up in a 3-year experiment (VS) with four different tillage systems (TS) and three N ...fertilization norms (FN). The tillage systems were CT—conventional tillage, DT—disk harrowing, LT—soil loosening, and NT—no tillage system. N fertilization norms were set to 120, 150 and 180 kg ha
−1
. Fuel consumption was measured with three-channel valve, and total value of consumption was calculated on total machinery passes according to technological map. Calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from winter wheat production were done by BioGrace model (version 4d
2015
). GHG emission per ton of yearly raw material was calculated from fertilizers (production and field emissions), seed, plant protection and diesel usage, so the result was expressed in kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
per year. The main properties of research (TS, FN and VS) are showing statistical significance on total GHG emission from winter wheat production. The largest GHG emission had LT tillage system with 261.89 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
from fuel emission and 2919.22 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
in total. This tillage system also had highest yield of 7.78 t ha
−1
. The lowest yield was observed at NT system (6.92 t ha
−1
), also with the lowest GHG emission from fuel consumption and total production (fuel 118.30 and total 2685.94 kg CO
2eq
ha
−1
). Reduced tillage system such as DT can significantly reduce GHG emissions from diesel consumption without having an impact on wheat yield. This study suggests that DT, primarily, and NT can be recommended as convenient agricultural practices conducive to reconstruct an optimal balance between GHG emissions, yields, and N excesses.
During the recent years all crop species achieved the best possible field distribution so a high yield is to be expected. In this paper the solutions of two different diffusion equations are ...determined, which describe the optimal distribution of cereal grains over a field. Therefore, there are two different partial differential equations of cereal seed distribution-distinction is made between the longitudinal spacing (seeds in a row), and transverse distance (between two rows), as well as the sowing depth. In particular, closed forms of solutions are derived in each case. Although the result of the diffusion equation with respect to the distribution of the lateral seed distance of two adjacent rows is already known, a new solving method is presented in this paper. By this method, the partial differential equation is reduced to an ordinary one, which is easier to solve. In this paper it is shown that the distribution of lateral resp. longitudinal and in-depth wheat seed distances is achieved by a normal Gauss function resp. a log-normal function. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the fitting functions of the best experimental results of wheat seeding distributions are particular solutions of the individual differential equations. Normal Gauss function describes lateral distribution with R.sup.2 = 0.9325; RSME = 1.2450, and log-normal function describes longitudinal distribution with R.sup.2 = 0.9380; RSME = 1.4696 as well as depth distribution with R.sup.2 = 0.9225; RSME = 2.0187.
This study employed an ensemble machine learning approach to evaluate the effect of bioclimatic covariates on the prediction accuracy of soil total carbon (TC) in the Pannonian biogeoregion. The ...analysis involved two main segments: (1) evaluation of base environmental covariates, including surface reflectance, phenology, and derived covariates, compared to the addition of bioclimatic covariates; and (2) assessment of three individual machine learning methods, including random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and support vector machine (SVM), as well as their ensemble for soil TC prediction. Among the evaluated machine learning methods, the ensemble approach resulted in the highest prediction accuracy overall, outperforming the individual models. The ensemble method with bioclimatic covariates achieved an R2 of 0.580 and an RMSE of 10.392, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing complex relationships among environmental covariates. The results of this study suggest that the ensemble model consistently outperforms individual machine learning methods (RF, XGB, and SVM), and adding bioclimatic covariates improves the predictive performance of all methods. The study highlights the importance of integrating bioclimatic covariates when modeling environmental covariates and demonstrates the benefits of ensemble machine learning for the geospatial prediction of soil TC.
The occurrence of late spring frosts due to climate change causes great damage to plantation production worldwide. The main objective of the paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the ...problem and to outline effective protective measures against late spring frosts. The nature of frost depends on regional, altitudinal, and geographic differences, but they all share a common problem: they remove heat, resulting in the freezing of new plant growth and flowers. Tissue freezing is affected by critical temperatures and the frost type, intensity, and duration. Protection against late spring frosts can be broadly divided into three categories: active, passive, and chemical measures. In the field of agricultural engineering, various techniques have been thoroughly researched, and their effectiveness has been confirmed by research. These include various sprinkler systems, different heating devices, and large-diameter fans. Conclusive findings are being made on the performance of these systems in sub-zero temperatures and their cost-effectiveness. Climate change increases the importance of protecting permanent crops from late spring frosts and requires advances in agricultural technology to meet changing production demands and challenges.
One of the technical factors from agricultural nozzles and overall plant protection is droplet diameter, which exclusively depends on working pressure, ISO number and nozzle type. Therefore, this ...paper was aimed to describe mathematical model for droplet size distribution. Through field exploitation experiment, data was used from three ISO numbers of nozzles (hollow cone 80 015; 02 and 03), two air-assisted sprayers (axial and radial fan) and two permanent crops (vineyard and an apple orchard). Water sensitive papers were used for evaluation of droplet diameters, and digital image analysis with Image J software was used for data processing. Mathematical model through homogenous diffusion equation and simplified differential equation shows that droplet size distribution had exponential function of modelling. Theoretical mathematical model was confirmed in experimental results, where coefficient of determination of exponential regression model for 80 015 nozzles was 0.93 with 5.15 of RMSE. The same coefficient for 80 02 nozzles was 0.96 with 2.88 of RMSE and for 80 03 nozzle R.sup.2 was 0.93 with 3.25 of RMSE. In addition, it is proved that droplet diameter depends on operating pressure with very high negative correlation (80 03 nozzles: r = -0.98; 80 02 nozzles: r = -0.97; 80 015 nozzles: r = -0.95). This data will help future researchers in their papers to facilitate and describe similar models for plat protection processes, and all agricultural producers to determine optimal operating pressure which is immensely important in economic, biologic, technical and ecologic aspect.
The article is focused on the behaviour of the basic properties of dairy cow's solid manure over the maturation period. The manure was exposed to mechanized aerobic processing by mechanically ...turning-over. Performed analysis comprehended measurements of mass participation percentages of organic components, mineral matters, H2O, N, P2O5 and K2O, as well as measurements of PH-values during the seven weeks of supervised test period of effective aerobic preparation of the composting material. Through maturation, large growth of averaged mass percentages of nitrogen, phosphorous-pentoxide and potassium-oxide, more than triple in comparison to the initial levels in a fresh solid, has been verified. Following a possible common approach in the scientific and technical practice, an analytical semi-empirical approach was used in describing the changes over the time of manure properties during composting, supported by prototype of the machine Kompomat 1. Combining the analytical theory of diffusion partial differential equations and application of numerical methods to non-linear fitting of the experimental output data, it was verified that all acquired manure parameters follow an identical general exponential law (R.sup.2.sub.all properties = 0,906 - 0,990; RMSE.sub.all properties = 0,010 - 2,544). Clear relationships between the values of basic parameters of solid manure under mechanized aerobic fermentation (y) and composting duration lap time (x) have been established.
The research results of the spraying technical factors' impact on ground and air drift, and the deposit on the treetop in cherry orchards, are presented in the paper. Two different spraying systems ...(classical and sensory system) are investigated, Agromehanika AGP 200 ENU sprayer being used. The research is conducted according to ISO standard 22866 (Plant Protection Equipment - Drift Measurement Methods in Field Conditions). The impact of spraying norm as factor A (A1--250 l/ha; A.sub.2--200 l/ha); the nozzle type as factor B (B.sub.1--Lechler TR 8002 C; B.sub.2--Lechler ITR 8002 C) and the fan air velocity as factor C (C.sub.1--18 m/s; C.sub.2--12 m/s) are examined by the variance analysis. To spray and evaluate the drift, Tartazine organic dye solution with 4% concentration is used. The filter papers, used as collectors, according to the specified ISO standard, are placed directly in the spraying zone. The sampled filter papers are washed out with 10 ml of deionised water under laboratory conditions. After washing, the colour intensity, i.e., the solution wave-length, is read by a spectrophotometer (Varian Cary 50 UV-Visible). Different drift intensity (ground and air drift) and treetop deposits are realized by the usage of various treatments of technical spraying factors and various spraying systems. Unlike the ground and air drifts, the deposit within the treetop does not show statistically significant change by using a sensory spraying system, i.e. by using a selective application.
This paper presents the tests results of three types of hay mowing machines (later in text: mowers), namely a self-propelled oscillatory mower-conditioner and two tractor-mounted mowers with ...oscillatory and rotary blades, used to mow alfalfa grown under dry land conditions in the region of central Serbia during three seasons in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Although characterized by older design, they are still commonly used at smaller and medium size farms in this region. Therefore, their optimal exploitation parameters are still of large importance for hay quality and production efficiency and sustainability. The exploitation parameters of all three mowers generally increased linearly with higher speeds, having high R.sup.2 values (over 0,8), with rare exceptions. The regression coefficients b clearly showed that the self-propelled mower-conditioner achieved maximum increase in production performance (b = 0,3606), compared with the oscillatory (b = 0,1158) and rotary mowers (b = 0,1414). Mower design had a significant (p less than or equal to 0,001) effect on cutting and chopping losses, production performance, and specific fuel consumption (p less than or equal to 0,05). The tests confirmed the superiority of the self-propelled mower over the two mowers aggregated with tractors.
U ovom istraživanju analizirana je intenzivna proizvodnja krumpira koji se prerađuje u čips. U analiziranom razdoblju (2019. – 2022.) prikazane su sve agrotehničke mjere pri proizvodnji krumpira na ...primjeru PO „Beta“. Vidljivo je da je gnojidba svake godine provedena pri jesenskoj obradi, zatim pred samu sadnju, pri nagrtanju i prije zatvaranja redova. Zaštita krumpira je provedena pravovremeno, a kod primjene zaštitnih sredstava najviše se koriste fungicidi u zaštiti od plamenjače i koncentrične pjegavosti krumpira. Kod zaštite od krumpirove zlatice vodi se računa o korištenju pripravaka iz različitih kemijskih skupina i različitih mehanizma djelovanja. Obavezna mjera u proizvodnji je navodnjavanje koje se provodi tijekom ljetnih mjeseci (lipanj i srpanj). Vađenje krumpira obavilo se strojno, a ostvareni prinosi iznosili su prosječno 36 t/ha, što je daleko od hrvatskog prosjeka (19,1 t/ha).
U radu su prikazani rezultati prinosa zrna (kg ha-1) pri standardnoj sjetvi hibrida kukuruza i sjetvi u udvojene redove/sjetva u trake (engl. twin row sowing). Istraživanja su provedena od 2016. do ...2018. godine na pokušalištu Fakulteta agrobiotehničkih znanosti, pokraj mjesta Tenja (45°31’1,83” s. z. š.; 18°46›37,5» i. z. d.). Na standardni sustav sjetve s razmakom redova od 70 cm sjetvom i sjetvom u udvojene redove s razmakom od 22 cm posijani su hibridi FAO grupa dozrijevanja: H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 i H5 = FAO 590. U standardnoj sjetvi hibrid H1 ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.450 kg ha-1, a sjetvom u udvojene redove 12.243 kg ha-1 zrna, odnosno 3,77-9,66% više od standardne sjetve, ovisno o godini uzgoja. Hibrid H2 sjetvom u udvojene redove ostvario je veći prinos za 6,46 do 10,97% u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Hibrid H3 u standardnoj sjetvi ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.731 kg ha-1, a kod sjetve u udvojene redove 12.763 kg ha-1 (veći prinos zrna za 3,45-9,95%). Najveća razlika u prinosa zrna između sustava sjetve utvrđena je 2018. godine kod hibrida H4, koji je ostvario veći prinos sjetvom u udvojene redove, za 11,72%. Kod hibrida H5 utvrđene su najmanje razlike u prinosu zrna s obzirom na sustav sjetve, pa je u 2018. godina sjetva u trake ostvarila manji prinos za 0,59% s obzirom na standardnu sjetvu.
In this paper, the results of maize grain yield (kg ha-1) sown in standard and twin row technology are shown. The research has been conducted at the experimental field of Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences, near location of Tenja (45°31’1.83” N 18°46’3.5” E) in the period 2016-2018. Maize hybrids H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 and H5 = FAO 590 were sown using standard sowing (row spacing at 70 cm) and twin row sowing (22 cm spacing between double rows). In standard sowing, hybrid H1 had the highest grain yield of 11,450 kg ha-1, whereas in twin row sowing it had 12,243 kg ha-1, which was higher by 3.77-9.66% than the standard, depending on the cultivation year. Hybrid H2 in twin row sowing had grain yield 6.46-10.97% greater than standard sowing. Hybrid H3 in standard sowing had average grain yield of 11,731 kg ha-1, whereas in twin row sowing, it was 12,763 kg ha-1 (greater by 3.45-9.95%). The highest grain yield difference between sowing technologies has been observed at H4 hybrid, with 11.72% greater yield at twin row sowing. At hybrid H5, the smallest differences were observed between sowing technologies, so in 2018, twin row sowing produced a lower yield by 0.59% relative to standard sowing.
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