Globally, several studies have investigated the utilization and efficacy of promising medicinal herbal plants to enhance livestock and poultry production. The most commonly investigated phytobiotics ...in broiler ration were oregano, garlic, thyme, rosemary, black pepper, hot red pepper (HRP), and sage. Phytobiotics are classified on the basis of the medicinal properties of plants, their essential oil extracts, and their bioactive compounds. The majority of bioactive compounds in plants are secondary metabolites, such as terpenoids, phenolic, glycosides, and alkaloids. The composition and concentrations of these bioactive constitutes vary according to their biological factors and manufacturing and storage conditions. Furthermore, HRP is one of the most important and widely used spices in the human diet. Capsicum annum, that is, HRP, is a species of the plant genus Capsicum (pepper), which is a species native to southern North America and northern South America and is widely grown and utilized for its fresh or cooked fruits. Moreover, these fruits may be used as dried powders or processed forms of oleoresins. Researches have proven that C. annuum is the only plant that produces the alkaloid capsaicinoids. Approximately 48% of its active substances are capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonemide), the main active compound responsible for the intense effects of HRP varieties and the main component inducing the hot flavor. This review aimed to highlight the effects of HRP as a phytobiotic in broiler nutrition and its mode of action as a possible alternative to antibiotics and clarify its impact on broiler and layer productivity.
This work investigated the effect of dietary green coffee powder (GCP) on the growth, body characteristics, antioxidant status, serum metabolites, and meat quality of 308 Ross broiler chickens. A ...total of 180 non-sexed seven-day old chicks were randomly distributed into three experimental groups. The untreated group received a basal diet (control), while the second and third groups were fed the original diet fortified with 1.25 and 2.5 g GCP/kg, respectively, for four weeks. Results revealed an improvement (p < 0.05) in live body weight in the group fed 2.5 g/kg GCP at five weeks of age compared to the other groups. Broiler Chicks fed the 1.25 g/kg GCP diet showed a more significant decrease in live body weight than the control group at five weeks of age. The GCP supplementation at level 2.5 g/kg GCP enhanced feed conversion ratio at 3–5 and 1–5 weeks of age. Dietary treatments did not affect (p > 0.05) carcass, dressing, and giblets percentages. Different levels of GCP significantly affected the liver, abdominal fat, intestinal length, and lymphoid organs percentages. The changes in serum blood traits and serum oxidative stress markers were not significant among the control and the treated groups. With the increment levels of GCP, results showed elevated values of meat pH, lightness (L*), and redness (a*), as well as a significant decrease in its yellowness (b*). Broilers fed 2.5 g/kg GCP diet showed a significant reduction in the total bacterial count, total yeasts and molds count, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and Salmonella spp., as well as increasing counts of lactic acid bacteria. The dietary GCP 2.5 g/kg diet supplementation could be used to decrease the pathogenic microorganisms’ populations in the broiler’s gut. The present experiment has shown that in unsexed broiler chickens, green coffee powder at level of 2.5 g/kg improved the live body weight and feed conversion ratio and decreased the pathogenic bacterial count in the gut.
This study was aimed to assess the impacts of aloe vera (AV) and clove (Cv) powder supplementation on growth performance, carcass quality, blood biochemistry, and hematology of Japanese quails and ...studying the possibility of using them as alternatives to antibiotics growth promotors as a natural safe products. Four hundred, 7-d old mixed sex chicks were divided into 4 groups of 5 replicates 20 birds per replicate including (10 males and 10 females). Birds in the control group (T1) were fed a diet containing Enramycin (0.02%) as an antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), while T2, T3 and T4, birds were supplemented with AV leaf powder, Cv powder and mixture of both at 0.5, 0.5 and 0.25 + 0.25% of feed, respectively. Results showed that total feed intake in all supplemented groups were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than T1. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T4 while T2 and T3 were better (P < 0.05) than T1. Breast yield and carcass weight were the highest (P < 0.05) in T4 while T2 and T3 were significantly better than T1. High density lipoprotein was highest (P < 0.05) in T4 whereas T2 and T3 showed higher value than T1. Blood cholesterol and serum enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP) values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in Tl and lower in T4. The highest hemoglobin level was observed in T4. White blood cells were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in T3 and T4. No significant difference was observed in, red blood cells, serum total protein, calcium and phosphorous level, packed cell volume, neutrophils, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil. It is concluded from this experiment that AV and Cv supplementation improved breast yield and carcass weight without any harmful effect on the liver and blood biochemistry. This showed that the supplementation of AV and Cv powder can improve growth performance and it can work as an alternative of AGP.
Climate change represents a significant environmental challenge to human welfare. One of many negative impacts may be on animal reproduction. Elevated ambient temperature unfavourably influences ...reproductive processes in mammals. High temperature can affect reproductive processes such as follicle development and may alter follicular fluid concentrations of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, enzymes, antioxidants defence and growth factors. These impacts may lead to inferior oocyte competence and abnormal granulosa cell (GCs) function. Mammalian oocytes are enclosed by GCs that secret hormones and signalling molecules to promote oocyte competence. GCs are essential for proper follicular development, oocyte maturation, ovulation, and luteinization. Many environmental stressors, including thermal stress, affect GC function and alter oocyte development and growth. Several studies documented a link between elevated ambient temperature and increased generation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can damage DNA, reduce cell proliferation, and induce apoptosis in GCs, thus altering oocyte development. Additionally, thermal stress induces upregulation of thermal shock proteins, such as HSP70 and HSP90. This review provides an update on the influence of thermal stress on GCs of mammals. Discussions include impacts to steroidogenesis (estradiol and progesterone), proliferation and cell cycle transition, apoptosis, oxidative stress (ROS), antioxidants related genes, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and endoplasmic reticulum responses.
•Elevated ambient temperatures influence on reproductive processes in mammalian.•The quality of granulosa cells is essential for right follicular development.•Thermal stress affects granulosa cells leading and alters oocyte growth.•Thermal stress upsurges the fusion of thermal shock proteins family.
The present study investigated the impacts of dried okra fruit powder (DOFP), used as a natural feed supplement, on growth, carcass, blood, and meat quality parameters of broilers. A total of 240 ...unsexed, one-week-old chicks were randomly allotted to 4 equal groups with 6 replicates in each group (i.e., 10 birds/replicate). The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet as control, and 3 DOFP groups, supplemented with 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g DOFP/kg feed, respectively. The results showed that the highest values of live body weight and body weight gain were observed in the group with 1.0 g of DOFP/kg of feed during the fifth week of age and between 1 and 5 wk of age, respectively. During 1 to 3 wk of age, daily feed consumption of chicks fed DOFP-supplemented diets increased numerically with increasing DOFP levels. Dietary treatments significantly depressed liver, thigh, and dressing fat percentages. Chicks fed the diet containing 1.0 g of DOFP/kg of feed had the lowest values for serum urea and creatinine compared with the other treatment group. In addition, the concentration of liver enzymes decreased with increasing DOFP levels, except for the groups fed 3.0 and 1.0 g of DOFP/kg of diet. Oxidative rancidity of broiler meat samples containing DOFP in their diets was lower than that of the control samples, throughout the storage period. It can be concluded that DOFP is a useful phytogenic additive, which can lower the percentage of abdominal fat of the carcass, as well as alanine aminotransferase, urea, and creatinine in the blood. Furthermore, all sensory characteristics of the meat were improved by the addition of DOFP to broiler diets. It could be concluded that DOFP can be used as a natural supplement in broiler diets for improving growth performance and reducing abdominal fat, blood creatinine, and urea.
The current research aimed to estimate the effect of dietary supplementation with glycinin isolated from soybeans on the growth performance, carcass traits, and selected blood metabolites of broiler ...chicks. A total of 200 1-wk-old broiler chicks were administered diets without glycinin (control treatment) or diets supplemented with 3 concentrations of soy glycinin (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 g/kg of feed) for 6 wk. At the end of the feeding period, body weight was significantly higher in broiler chicks with glycinin supplementation (P < 0.05 or 0.01). The best values for body weight and body weight gain were recorded in the groups fed diets supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0 g glycinin/kg feed. Feed conversion was significantly (P < 0.05) improved in broilers in the glycinin-supplemented groups during the 1 to 6 and 3 to 6 wk growth periods. The highest value of breast yield was observed in broiler chicks supplemented with glycinin at a concentration of 1.0 g/kg of feed. Water-holding capacity increased with increasing concentrations of glycinin in the feed, up to 1.0%. Serum creatinine and urea concentrations decreased gradually (P < 0.01) as the concentration of glycinin in the feed increased. Broiler chicks receiving increasing concentrations of glycinin exhibited significantly (P < 0.01) lower levels of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All meat samples from broiler chicks supplemented with glycinin had significantly higher catalase activities. These data suggest that feeding broiler chicks diets supplemented with soy glycinin (0.5 to 1.5 g/kg of feed) can improve feed conversion, enhance body weight gain, and lower abdominal fat.
The current study aimed to determine the effects of different levels of fermented Juncao grass (FG) on growth parameters, blood constituents, immunity, and antioxidative properties of broilers. A ...total of 240 (21-d-old) broiler chicks were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments of sixty birds, with six replicate pens and ten birds in each. Fermented grass was added to the basal diet at four levels with 0, 5, 10, and 15% FG. The results revealed that broilers fed 5% FG had significantly higher (P < 0.05) final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (WG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI). The best conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for broilers supplemented with 5% FG compared to the group supplemented with 15% FG (P < 0.05). Increasing FG % decreased (P < 0.05) anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10. However, FG increased (P < 0.05) proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-2, IL-12, and TNF-α (P < 0.05). Moreover, IgA, IgG, and IgM levels increased (P < 0.05) with increasing FG %. In addition, increasing FG % in broiler rations significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum antioxidant levels of T-AOC, GSH-PX, SOD, CAT, NO and GSH, but decreased (P < 0.05) MDA levels compared to the control group. Conclusively, fermented Juncao grass would be considered a novel herbal feed additive for improving broiler performance, immunity, antioxidant, and health status. Nevertheless, further research at the molecular level is needed to quantify the effects of these herbal components on cellular and humoral immune functions in broiler chickens.
The effects of rearing Cobb500 broiler chickens under 3 different housing systems (floor litter, floor plastic, and batteries) without or with feed additive (Butinov) on broiler performance, blood ...parameters and carcass traits were evaluated. Three hundred 1-day-old chicks were distributed in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement (6 treatments each of 5 replicates). The results showed that reared broilers on litter or plastic floors had high values (P ≤ 0.01) of bird's weight (BW), weight gain (WG), and feed intake (FI) throughout the entire study period (1–42 d of age) compared with rearing on batteries. Rearing broilers in the different housing systems and with or without feed additives did not affect (P ≥ 0.05) total feed conversion (FCR). Different rearing systems or feed additives did not influence broiler chicks' carcass traits and some serum blood parameters. The plastic floor system significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) blood serum corticosterone compared with litter and batteries. Feed additive (Butinov) decreased the level of T4 (P ≤ 0.05) in blood serum. Plastic floors or batteries significantly increased (P ≤ 0.01) the level of antibody titer against avian influenza virus (HIAV) compared to chicken reared on a litter floor. The results suggested that using housing systems of litter or plastic floors could improve broiler growth performance without adversely affecting carcass traits and blood characteristics compared with rearing in batteries. Also, broiler diets' feed additive (Butinov) and their interaction with rearing systems did not improve broiler growth performance.
The medical authority in China, especially in Wuhan city, reported on December 2019 a large number of highly fatal, rapidly spreading viral pneumonia caused by an unknown coronavirus. The common ...history of all the patients was their visiting a Wuhan's whole food store, where live animals and seafood are sold. Irrespective of the efforts of the Chinese authorities, the virus spread rapidly all over the world by travelers, provoking widespread attention by the media and panic. Many previous coronavirus epidemics had been recorded, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the recently newly discovered epidemic is named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). This disease is caused by SARS Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and this virus is antigenically related to the SARS virus (SARS-CoV), which had been detected in 2002, depending on clinical, serological, and molecular findings. There is rapid competition among the researchers to discover the source of the virus, understand the mechanism of the disease development, establish treatment strategies, and determine the factors affecting the incidence of infection and severity of the disease, and focus on the production of a vaccine. Coronaviruses are a group of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome viruses; its genome length varies from 26 to 32 kb. Coronavirus causes mild to severe respiratory disorders. In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia of unknown causes were found in Wuhan city, which is located in the Hubei province in China. Chinese health authorities investigated the problem and found that a new virus caused such infection and, using next-generation sequencing, found the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It has been transferred from humans to humans and animals to humans (zoonotic). Coronaviruses cause multiple respiratory problems, varying from common cold to severe infections such as SARS. General symptoms of infection include fatigue, cough, and breathing problems such as shortness of breath, as described by World Health Organization. Serious cases may result in pneumonia, renal failure, and even death. We address current information about the new SARS Coronavirus-2 as well as the COVID-19 disease caused by it in this review.
•HPI, DPI, PSP, and PKH were attached by active phenolic compounds.•The added peptides have considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.•M-PSP has extended shelf-life and good quality ...properties.
This study aimed to prolong the raw buffalo milk handling and cold storage period by controlling the microbes, enhancing sensory properties and their functionality after supplementing bioactive peptides. The additions included hen and duck egg white protein isolates (HPI and DPI), pepper seed protein (PSP), and pepsin-kidney bean protein hydrolysate (PKH). Five milk treatments were prepared and evaluated as non-supplemented milk (M- Control), hen egg white protein isolate-supplemented milk (M-HPI), duck egg white protein isolate-supplemented milk (M-DPI), pepper seeds protein-supplemented milk (M-PSP), and kidney bean hydrolysate-supplemented milk (M-PKH). Pyrogallol, protocatechuic, catechin, benzoic and caffeine were the main phenolic compounds, Apignin-6-arabinose, naringin, hesperidin, naringenin, kaempferol 3–2-p-comaroyl were the dominant flavonoids in milk samples based on HPLC profile. During 30 days of cold storage, the antioxidant potential of peptides-supplemented milk samples was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05) as decrement of phenolic compounds and flavonoids; the pH was nearly stable, the titratable acidity and total soluble solids (TTS) were (p ≤ 0.05) raised. PSP and PKH were inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) the decay of sugars in M-PSP, and M-PKH by reducing 45% of bacterial load as compared to other milk samples. PSP was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) scavenged 87% of DPPḢ compared to other peptides. Besides, PSP followed by PKH reduced considerably (p ≤ 0.05) the growth of tested bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The PSP has significantly increased the whiteness of M-PSP as compared to other milk samples. M-PSP had the highest score in color, taste, and flavor, followed by M-PKH.
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