The exploration for effective in-feed additives is growing owing to the global climatic change trend to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress in laying hens. This research assessed the ...potential of using B-glucan (G) as an anti-heat stress agent in Matrouh laying hens subjected to early heat shock programs during the growing period. Factorial design (3×3) was used, including three levels of heat stress (control, heat shock at three days and at three days and eight weeks of age) and three levels of β-glucan (0, 100 and 200 mg β-glucan /kg diet). During the first 12 weeks of egg production (EP), treatments were exposed to heat challenge. The results revealed that heat shock program applications at three days and eight weeks of age significantly decreased body weight at 36 weeks of age (P<0.05) and reduced (P<0.05) feed intake (FI). While significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), Hemoglubin, RBCs, WBCs, immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and Heat shock protein (HSP70) of the Liver (P<0.01) as compared with the control group. At the same time, there was a decrease in lymphocyte%, H/L ratio, cortisol, and T3 compared to the thermo-neutral control. When compared to the control group, hens fed a diet containing 200 mg of βG significantly (P<0.05) improved body weight at 16 weeks and final weight at 36 weeks, feed conversion (FCR) (g. feed/g. egg mass), hen-day egg production, and egg mass, as well as the digestibility coefficients of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), metabolizable energy (ME), and cortisol. The interactions between heat chock programs and βG levels were non-significant for the most studied traits except daily feed intake. Therefore, the early heat shock exposure two times and supplementation of Β-glucan (βG) at 200 mg/kg diet during the growth period for laying hens that are exposed to heat stress during the reproductive period could improve productive, reproductive performance, HSP70 level and enhance immunity responses.
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy and toxic metal and easily absorbed by animals and plants; subsequently, it is an environmental risk factor with several toxic effects in humans and animals. The main pathway ...of human or animal exposure to Cd is through its ingestion by water or food and by particles or fume inhalation during industrial processes. With continuous exposure to small levels of cadmium, it is being deposited in different tissues day after day, causing toxic effects on the liver, kidney, and testes. Long-term exposure to this toxic metal resulted in inflammatory infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes, degenerative changes in testis tissues, reduction in spermatocytes, degeneration in renal tubules, and hypertrophy of renal epithelium. Therefore, we need an effective treatment to overcome cadmium poisoning. Thus, in the current review, we try to provide compiled reports and summarize information about the toxicological effects of Cd in human, animals, and poultry. This review also provides updated information about the protective actions of herbs and herbal extracts and their role as an effective strategy in reducing or preventing serious health problems and tissue damage in response to Cd toxicity.
Off-flavours in fish products generated from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are a major problem in the fish farming industry affecting the market demand and prices. A particular concern is ...the muddy or musty odour and taste in fish due to the presence of secondary metabolites geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), produced by actinobacteria (mainly Streptomyces), myxobacteria and cyanobacteria. Off-flavours have deteriorated the quality of fish, rendering their products unfit for human consumption. The process of odour removal requires purification for several days to weeks in clean water; thus this leads to additional production costs. Geosmin and 2-MIB, detected at extremely low odour thresholds, are the most widespread off-flavour metabolites in aquaculture, entering through fish gills and accumulating in the fish adipose tissues. In this review, we aimed to determine the diversity and identity of geosmin- and 2-MIB-producing bacteria in aquaculture and provide possible strategies for their elimination.
•Off-flavours are a major problem in the aquaculture industry.•Off-flavours lead to deterioration of fish.•Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol appear the most widespread off-flavour metabolite in aquaculture.
Globally, there is increasing demand for safe poultry food products free from antibiotic residues. There is thus a need to develop alternatives to antibiotics with safe nutritional feed derivatives ...that maximize performance, promote the intestinal immune status, enrich beneficial microbiota, promote health, and reduce the adverse effects of pathogenic infectious microorganisms. With the move away from including antibiotics in poultry diets, botanicals are among the most important alternatives to antibiotics. Some botanicals such as fennel, garlic, oregano, mint, and rosemary have been reported to increase the poultry’s growth rate and/or feed to gain ratio. Botanicals’ role is assumed to be mediated by improved immune responses and/or shifts in the microbial population in the intestine, with the elimination of pathogenic species. In addition, modulation of the gut microbiota resulted in various physiological and immunological responses and promoted beneficial bacterial strains that led to a healthy gut. There is thus a need to understand the relationship between poultry diets supplemented with botanicals and good health of the entire gastrointestinal tract if we intend to use these natural products to promote general health status and production. This current review provides an overview of current knowledge about certain botanicals that improve poultry productivity by modulating intestinal health and reducing the negative impacts of numerous pathogenic bacteria. This review also describes the efficacy, negative effects, and modes of action of some common herbal plants applied in poultry as alternatives to reduce the use of antibiotics.
The influence of charcoal as feed additives on carcass and meat characteristics was studied in 144 four weeks old Muller ducks. The experimental ducklings were assigned to six groups of 24 birds ...(Eight per replicates each). The dietary treatments contained 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% charcoal for G1 (C), G2 (L1), G3 (L2), G4 (L3), G5 (L4) and G6 (L5), respectively. All experimental birds were raised under similar environmental and managerial conditions. Results indicated that charcoal did not affect most carcass traits significantly except for dressing percentage was higher (P < 0.05) in 1.5 and 2 % charcoal included ducks diets compared to control ducks. Charcoal supplementation significantly affected duck meat tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity. Moreover, charcoal altered (P < 0.05) meat components such as crude protein, calcium components, desirable fatty acids, nutritional value and some bacterial counts. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances reduced in birds fed charcoal at 1.5, 2, and 2.5%, with significant variation among treatments. No significant differences in the number of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were detected among the ducks fed with charcoal and the control group. It could be concluded that charcoal could be included in ducks’ diets at 1.5 and 2% with beneficial effects on carcass parameters.
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of various concentrations of ginger and cinnamon oils as antibiotic substitutes on some blood biochemical parameters, antioxidant capacity, and ...histopathological profile of the liver and gut of growing Japanese. A total of 900 Japanese quails were randomly allotted into 6 treatment groups. Each group had 5 replicates (30 chicks each). The first group received a basal diet and served as the control, while the second received a basal diet plus 0.5 g of colistin antibiotic/kg diet. The third and fourth groups were supplemented with 0.5 mL and 1.0 mL of ginger oil (GO)/kg diet, respectively. While the fifth and sixth groups received basal diet with 0.5 and 1.0 mL of cinnamon oil (CO)/kg diet, respectively. Results showed that adding herbal oils significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and urea levels compared to control and colistin groups. Various levels of GO and CO significantly (P < 0.05) reduced cholesterol levels compared to control birds. Compared to the control and antibiotic groups, Japanese quails supplemented with various levels of herbal oils (GO and CO) had more extraordinarily significant (P < 0.05) values for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GSR). Regarding histopathologic examination, the jejunum displayed a nearly empty lumen, a few fusions, and mild goblet cell metaplasia. On the other hand, the duodenum looked tall and had a few fusions of villi and remnants of removal in its lumina. It could be concluded that cinnamon and GO improved birds’ blood biochemical parameters, electorate oxidative stress, and enhanced intestinal and hepatic histology of the treated quails. Also, the levels of 0.5 mL CO and 0.5 mL GO may be an acceptable substitute for antibiotics (colistin) in the diets of growing Japanese quail.
An experiment that included crude protein (CP) levels and metabolisable energy (ME) energy (Kcal/kg diet) in meat-type Japanese quail chicks was conducted to evaluate their impacts on performance, ...carcase traits, digestibility coefficients and nutritional value during the growing period. A total of 540 one-week-old (16.0 ± 0.60 g) Japanese quail chicks were randomly divided into nine treatment groups in a factorial experimental design (3 × 3), which included three levels of CP and ME (22, 24 and 26%) plus three levels of (2800, 2900, or 3000 Kcal ME/kg diet) during the summer season. The highest values of body weight at marketing age, daily weight gain and best feed conversion during all experimental periods were observed for chicks given 24% CP with a 3000 Kcal ME/Kg diet. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction effect was observed due to energy and protein levels on the digestion coefficients of CP, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and organic matter (OM). Results of digestion coefficients generally coincided with those of growth performance. The interaction effect between dietary energy and protein levels on total digested nutrients (TDN) and ME was significant (P < 0.01). Chicks fed the 3000 Kcal ME/Kg with a 24% CP diet had the highest values of TDN and ME. The interaction between energy and protein levels showed insignificant effects on all carcase traits studied. In conclusion, a dietary energy level of 3000 Kcal ME/Kg with 24% CP is recommended to feed growing Japanese quail from 1-6 weeks of age under summer season conditions.
Quail production throughout the world is increasing.
Diets with a lower percentage of protein and energy content may be less expensive.
An energy level of 3000 Kcal ME/Kg with 24% CP is recommended for growing Japanese quail during summer.
Colibacillosis is a major disease affecting poultry leads to high morbidity and mortality which causing tremendous economic losses worldwide. These economic disparities are amplified among low and ...middle-income where sanitation and hygiene are challenged by the increasing demand for quality sources of animal protein. With a view to investigating the prevalence of virulence genes and QACs resistance genes as well as monitoring the antibiogram of
E. coli
strains, a total of 368 specimens were collected from diseased broiler chickens (n = 226) and environmental sources (n = 142) at large-scale poultry farms in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The bacteriological examination proved that
E. coli
prevalence was 26.76% and 50.44% in the farm environment and diseased broilers, respectively. In tandem, the isolated
E. coli
strains were serogrouped, determining the most common serotypes were O78, O1:H7, O91:H21 and O126. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against 12 antibiotics, screened for 4 virulence genes (
iss, papC, eaeA
, and
cfaI
), and screened for 3 QACs resistance genes (
qacEΔ1, qacA/B,
and
qacC/D
). All the tested strains were positive for
iss
and
papC
genes, only 20.3% of the tested strains were positive for
eaeA
gene, moreover, the examined strains were negative to
CFAI
gene. Furthermore, all the tested strains were positive for
qacEΔ1, qacA/B,
and
qacC/D
genes. In conclusion; virulence genes (
iss, papC
) as well as QACs resistance genes are common in avian Pathogenic
E. coli
and environmental strains and are mainly associated with multi-drug resistance phenomena.
The hazard of diseases created by S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium is relatively high in turkey meat products. Combinations of preservation methods are utilized in many strategies, such as mild heat ...with decreased water activity, a changed atmosphere, refrigerated storage, and decreased heat treatment with some acidification. Within the domain of ready-to-eat food technology, a range of preservation methods are typically utilized to enhance shelf life, such as applying mild heat in tandem with reduced water activity, employing modified atmosphere packaging, utilizing refrigerated storage, and utilizing reduced heat treatment combined with acidification. This investigation aimed to determine how S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium grew when sliced ready-to-eat smoked turkey (RTE-SM) was stored at 0, 5, 10, and 15°C for various periods. The study also examined the effects of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (40% CO2 and 60% N2) and VP on these growth patterns. Total viable count (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH, and redox potential levels were determined. The control experiment on RTE-SM showed no Salmonella growth within 30 d of storage at any temperature. This indicated that the RTE-SM in use did not initially contain S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Results indicated that the storage of RTE-SM using a combination of VP, MAP, and MAPEO with storage at 0 and 5°C did not allow for the pathogen to grow throughout storage. In comparison, at 10 and 15°C after one day, which allowed for minor growth (0.17–0.5 log CFU/g)? In contrast, at 0 and 5°C, Salmonella survives until the end of storage (173 d). However, the combination of MAPEO with the same storage temperatures achieved the elimination of the pathogen in the meat after 80 d. The combination of both packaging systems with high temperatures (10 or 15°C) allowed for the multiplication and growth of the bacterium through the product's shelf life of more than 1 log CFU/g. Thus, a combination of MAP or MAPEO with low storage temperatures (0 or 5°C) inhibited the growth of the pathogen.
Housing system and nutrition are non-genetic factors that can improve the well-being of animals to obtain higher quality products. A better understanding of how different housing systems and ...essential oils can influence the performance of layers is very important at the research and commercial levels. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of a housing system and dietary supplementation of rosemary and cinnamon essential oils on layers' performance and egg quality. A factorial arrangement (2 × 3) was performed include two housing systems (floor and cage) and three different types of essential oils (0, 300 mg/kg diet of rosemary and 300 mg/kg diet of cinnamon essential oils) to study their effects on the productive performance, egg quality, immunity, oxidative stress and haematology of ISA brown laying hens during the production stages (from 28 to 76 weeks of age). Birds were randomly divided into two groups each comprising of 1500 birds; the first group was moved from the litter to reared laying cages while the second group was floor reared. Each group was randomly divided into three groups, the first was considered as a control group, the second treated with rosemary essential oil, and the third with cinnamon essential oil. The differences in egg production and weight, egg quality, feed intake and conversion, blood picture and chemistry, immunity, and antioxidant parameters between the different housing systems (floor and cage) were not significant at (
< 0.05 or 0.01). On the other hand, the egg production and weight, Haugh unit, feed intake and conversion, blood cholesterol, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), urea, Ca, P, immunity, and antioxidant parameters were significantly (
< 0.05 or 0.01) better in rosemary and cinnamon groups than in the control group. Furthermore, the results of dietary supplementation with rosemary and cinnamon were very close. Regarding egg production and weight, there were no significant differences due to the interactions. The differences in egg mass among the interactions were also not significant except at 68-76 weeks, where the cage × cinnamon group was the highest. Under the floor rearing system, birds that were fed a diet supplemented with or without essential oils (EOs) consumed more feed than those raised under the cage system. Regarding feed conversion rate (FCR), the differences among the interactions were not significant except at 44-52, 52-60 and 68-76 weeks, where the cage × cinnamon group was the lowest. Excluding glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (
< 0.001), all immunity and antioxidant indices were not statistically different as a consequence of the interaction among EOs and housing systems. Additionally, the highest levels of phosphorus were observed for layers fed diets enriched with cinnamon oil with the cage or floor system. In conclusion, the data suggested that supplementation of rosemary and cinnamon essential oils in laying hen diet showed significantly positive effects on hen performance and egg production. Cholesterol, liver and kidney functions, immunity, and antioxidant parameters improved with rosemary and cinnamon supplementation when compared to the control. Additionally, the different housing systems did not result in any positive or negative impact on these traits.
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